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112 to o k on a r a t h e r u n ifo rm a p p e a ra n c e , b u t ev en w here s e t t l e ­ m ents grew more g r a d u a lly by a c c r e t i o n (w here d u g o u ts w ere b u i l t one o r a few a t a t i m e ) , t h e r e s t i l l seem s t o have b een little v a r i e t y in g e n e r a l fo rm . In d e e d , c e r t a i n form e le m e n ts w ere a p p a r e n tly r a t h e r c o n s i s t e n t l y p r e s e r v e d . These in c lu d e a g a b le r o o f made o f p o l e s , w illo w s , and " d i r t , " a g a b le - e n d e n t r a n c e , and a n e a r l y s q u a re room (a few had two room s) m e a su rin g somewhere b etw een 12 and 18 f e e t and dug t o a b o u t 3 o r 4 f e e t below th e ground s u r f a c e . Most d u g o u ts w ere lo c a t e d on a h i l l s i d e o r a c r e e k bank s o t h a t th e b a ck o f th e d w e llin g was " b u r ie d " in th e s id e o f th e h i l l , and th e f r o n t fa c e d d o w n slo p e, a f f o r d i n g o u tw ard d ra in a g e away from th e e n tr a n c e ( F ig . 3 4 ) . Many d u g o u ts , how ever, w ere b u i l t on l e v e l la n d and a p p e a re d some­ w hat l i k e th e u p p er h a l f o r more o f a g a b le r o o f c a b in p r o ­ t r u d i n g above th e g ro u n d ( F ig . 3 5 ) . The g a b le - e n d e n tr a n c e was re a c h e d by fo u r o r f i v e s t e p s downward t o t h e d o o r. A so u th w ard f a c in g doorw ay was t o th e l e e o f m ost s to rm s and o f f e r e d more d i r e c t s u n s h in e and warmth a t th e f r o n t o f th e d u g o u t i n w in te r , b u t th e d i r e c t i o n th e e n tr a n c e fa c e d was d e te rm in e d more by t h e d i r e c t i o n o f th e s lo p e th a n a d e s i r e t o f a c e th e s o u th . D ugouts b u i l t i n r i v e r o r c re e k b a n k s u t i l i z e d lo g s o b ta in e d from th e g a l l e r y f o r e s t , e s p e c i a l l y co tto n w o o d and q u a k in g a s p e n , and w illo w f o r r o o f i n g m a t e r i a l . The s u b s u r ­ fa c e w a lls o f th e room w ere u s u a l l y l i n e d w ith lo g s h e ld in p la c e a g a i n s t th e d i r t w a ll by p o s t s s e t s e c u r e l y i n e a c h Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.