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62 ( F i g s . 12 a n d 1 3 ) . For t h e s e r e a s o n s t h e u s e o f cottonw ood was a lm o s t e x c l u s i v e l y c o n f i n e d t o t h e i n i t i a l p h ase of s e t t l e m e n t and f o r e x p e d ie n c y when n o t h i n g b e t t e r was imme­ d ia te ly a v a ila b le . Q uaking a sp e n was a l s o commonly used d u r in g i n i t i a l s e t t l e m e n t b u t was c o n s i d e r e d t o be o f even p o o r e r q u a l i t y t h a n was c o tto n w o o d ; h e n c e , i t s u se l a y m a in ly f o r o u t b u i l d i n g s and f e n c e s . W illows a n d r u s h e s were u sed e x te n siv e ly as ro o f th a tc h in g m a te ria l. A good example o f th e use o f g a l l e r y f o r e s t r e s o u r c e s i s i l l u s t r a t e d by Annie C. Hansen ( C a r t e r , 1958, 1 6 4 -1 6 5 ): r F a th e r t o o k one o f t h e yokes o f oxen and t h e ru n n in g g e a r s and p ro c e e d e d t o Provo R iv e r b o tto m s where t h e n e c e s s a r y lo g s f o r a one-room lo g h o u se were s e c u r e d . F a r t h e r up th e r i v e r s m a l l e r t im b e r [ p r o b a b l y aspen] was o b t a i n e d f o r r a f t e r s . T h is t i m b e r , t o g e t h e r w ith w illo w s from a l o n g t h e A m erican Fork C reek and r u s h e s from n e a r t h e la k e and a d i r t c o v e r i n g f o r a r o o f , t o g e t h e r w ith some c h i p s and mud t o f i l l t h e c r e v i c e s b e tw ee n t h e l o g s , p r o v id e d t h e m a t e r i a l f o r h i s fa m ily home. . . . T h is was n o t an e a s y t a s k a s t h e tim b e r s from w h ich th e h o u s e s w ere t o be b u i l t were ta k e n from th e c o tto n w o o d t r e e s and were v e ry c r o o k e d . By c o n s i d ­ e r a b l e trim m in g and p a t c h i n g t h e y w ere made t o answ er t h e p u r p o s e f o r w hich t h e y w ere i n t e n d e d . . . . Much p r e f e r r e d o v e r t h e r i v e r b o tto m woods were t h e v a r i o u s e v e r g r e e n s found above t h e 6 , 5 0 0 - f o o t c o n t o u r on th e m o is t n o r t h - f a c i n g m o u n ta in s l o p e s . P o n d e ro s a p in e (P in u s p o n d e r o s a ) and D ouglas f i r (P s d u d o ts u g a t a x i f o l i a ) were t h e two most w id e s p r e a d and d e s i r e d s p e c i e s , b u t a l s o im p o r ta n t were w h ite f i r (A b ies c o n c o l o r ) , Engelmann s p r u c e ( P ic e a e n g e lm a n n i) , and e s p e c i a l l y i n Id a h o t h e lo d g e p o le p in e ( P in u s m a rra y a n a ) ( P r e s t o n , 19, 25, 43, 5 3 ) . A ll of th e s e evergreens were u s e d t o some e x t e n t i n t h e i n i t i a l p h a se o f many s e t t l e ­ ments b u t w ere o b t a i n e d w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e e f f o r t and d i f f i c u l t y . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.