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93 ( a f t e r 1 8 6 0 ), a good many, I f n o t m o st, ston em ason s had a l r e a d y b e e n a s s i m i l a t e d i n t o Mormon-American c u l t u r e . S to n e W a llin g P a t t e r n s and B u ild in g Phases The i n i t i a l s t o n e b u i l d i n g p h a se was c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e g a t h e r i n g o f s t o n e s a t random from home l o t s , farm f i e l d s , c r e e k b e d s , m o u n ta in s l o p e s , o r any s o u rc e t h a t would y i e l d a f a i r number o f a s i z e c o n v e n i e n t l y h a n d le d by one man. T y p i c a l l y , su ch m i s c e l l a n e o u s f i e l d s t o n e ( i n c o n t r a s t t o q u a r r y s t o n e ) was u sed f o r f e n c e s , d u g o u ts , f o r t w a l l s , and farm o u t b u i l d i n g s and was m o r ta r e d ( i f a t a l l ) by o r d i n a r y c l a y o r adobe mud, a lt h o u g h t h e r e a r e exam ples of good l im e m o r t a r s d u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l p h a se made from lim e b u rn e d lo c a lly . Much i n i t i a l s to n ew o rk was p e rfo rm e d by m o r e - o r - l e s s u n t r a i n e d s to n em aso n s who were n o t n e c e s s a r i l y f a m i l i a r w i t h s t o n e c u t t i n g o r w ith t h e b e s t s to n e b o n d i n g m etho ds. C o n s e q u e n tly , m ost o f what t h e y b u i l t i s what i n t h i s s tu d y i s r e f e r r e d t o a s r u b b l e s t o n e m asonry. D u rin g th e i n i t i a l phase ru b b le s to n e w a lls u s u a lly c o n s is te d of uncut f i e l d s t o n e s v a r y i n g g r e a t l y i n s i z e and r e n d e r i n g no s y m m e tric a l p a t t e r n when p l a c e d i n t h e w a l l , chough t h e l a r g e s t s t o n e s w ere u s u a l l y l a i d a s t h e q u o in s and a s ja m b s to n e s u n d e r windows and a lo n g t h e doorway. I n a r e a s where s t o n e was r e l a t i v e l y s o f t , t h e s t o n e was f r e q u e n t l y s p l i t w ith a c h i s e l o r c r u d e l y s h a p e d w ith an ax ( D r i g g s , 8 3 ) . But r u b b l e s t o n e m asonry and t h e u s e o f f i e l d s t o n e were by no means c o n f i n e d t o d u g o u ts, o u tb u ild in g s , or f o r t w a lls or co n fin ed t o th e Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.