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I ll te m p o ra ry s h e l t e r s and l a t e r p e rm a n en t h o u s e s , and make i t p o s s i b l e t o i s o l a t e c e r t a i n b a s i c f o l k b u i l d i n g form t r a i t s t h a t seem t o be c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a l l Mormon f o lk h o u s in g . The aim s o f t h i s c h a p te r a r e b e s t a c c o m p lish e d by an e m p h asis on b u i l d i n g form r a t h e r th a n on f u n c tio n o r m ethods o f c o n s t r u c t i o n , th o u g h some c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s g iv e n t o th e l a t t e r tw o f a c t o r s . The te rm "fo rm " i s u sed h e re as a synonym f o r m orphology o r s h a p e , e s p e c i a l l y w ith r e s p e c t t o th e o v e r a l l s t r u c t u r e . "Form e le m e n t" r e f e r s t o com ponent f e a t u r e s fu n d a m e n ta l t o th e o v e r a l l sh a p e o f a d w e llin g , su ch a s th e f l o o r p l a n , o r room s h a p e , r o o f s t r u c t u r e , o r th e a rra n g e m e n ts o f chim neys and d o o r s . The p r i n c i p a l d w e llin g form s re c o g n iz e d h e re in c lu d e th e d u g o u t, th e c a b in , and th e f o r t , e s p e c i a l l y t h e d w e llin g u n i t s w ith i n t h e f o r t s i n r e l a t i o n t o th e form s o f o th e r te m p o ra ry d w e llin g s . Dugout Form an d C o n s tr u c tio n D ugouts w ere s e m is u b te rra n e a n h o u ses u se d w id e ly by Mormons d u rin g th e i n i t i a l s e t t l e m e n t p h a s e . In f a c t , f o r many o f th e new ly a r r i v e d p i o n e e r s , a du g o u t was th e f i r s t home i n th e West and a welcome im provem ent t o th e fa m ily wagon b o x . Dugout c o n s t r u c t i o n was u s u a l l y an e x p e d ie n t a f f a i r , e s p e c i a l l y a t many o f th e new ly d e s ig n a te d v i l l a g e s i t e s w here s e v e r a l f a m i l i e s a r r i v e d s im u lta n e o u s ly t o found a s e ttle m e n t. In s u c h c a s e s , la b o r was f r e q u e n t l y p o o le d i n a c o o p e r a tiv e e f f o r t t o e r e c t a number o f s e p a r a t e d u g o u ts and c a b in s u n d e r t h e s u p e r v is i o n o f a n e x p e r ie n c e d f r o n t i e r s ­ man ( A lle n , 1 2 ). When b u i l t w ith p o o le d l a b o r , th e d u g o u ts Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.