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27 s a n d w i l l crum ple and f a i l t o bond p r o p e r l y . o T h ere a r e o c c a s i o n a l r e f e r e n c e s i n t h e Mormon l i t e r a t u r e t o t h e m ixing o f s a n d b r o u g h t from a r i v e r bed w ith r e s i d u a l c l a y s found n e a r t h e adobe y a r d . But i n m ost o f th e s e t t l e m e n t s o f U ta h , good t o e x c e l l e n t c l a y loam s o i l s were a v a i l a b l e , making th e t r a n s p o r t of th e se b a s ic in g r e d ie n ts unnecessary . In d e e d , q u i t e f r e q u e n t l y t h e newly a r r i v e d s e t t l e r s u sed th e s o i l found on t h e i r h o m e s ite s and s u b s e q u e n t l y made c e l l a r s from t h e h o l e s where t h e c l a y s had been e x c a v a te d ( C a rr, 4 0 3 ). Two p h a s e s of a d o b e c r a f t and u t i l i z a t i o n o ccu r in Mormon c o u n t r y . Termed h e r e " i n i t i a l p h a se " and "secon d p h a s e , " each p h a se d i f f e r e d from t h e o t h e r i n th e methods of a d o b e-m ak in g , adobe q u a l i t y , a v a i l a b i l i t y , and im p o rta n c e of adobe r e l a t i v e t o o t h e r m a t e r i a l s . The i n i t i a l p h a se o f adobe use accom panied i n i t i a l f r o n t i e r s e t t l e m e n t and was a tim e when n e a r l y e v e r y s e t t l e r l e a r n e d t o make h i s own a d o b e s . A f t e r s e l e c t i n g t h e b e s t or most a c c e s s i b l e s o i l s , t h e p i o n e e r p r e p a r e d th e s o i l by w e t­ t i n g a s m a ll a r e a q u i t e th o r o u g h l y and tra m p in g i t w ith b a r e f e e t u n t i l i t was mixed t o a t h i c k , p a s t y c o n s i s t e n c y . He u s u a l l y added some c h a f f o r s t r a w , weeds, o r manure i n v a r y 3 in g p r o p o r t i o n s and m ixed i t w i t h t h e mud. T h is w ork, i n 2For a th o ro u g h d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t e s t s p e rfo rm e d on adobes made from a w ide v a r i e t y o f s o i l m i x t u r e s , s e e R ic h a r d H. C lough, "A Q u a l i t a t i v e Comparison o f Rammed E a r t h and S u n - d r ie d Adobe B r i c k , " U niv. o f New Mexico P u b l i ­ c a t i o n s i n E n g i n e e r i n g , No. 4 , 195TT 3The m ix in g o f s t r a w o r weeds w ith t h e mud h a s b een a u n i v e r s a l f o l k p r a c t i c e i n a i l p a r t s o f t h e w o rld where adobe o r s u n d r i e d b r i c k s have been made, d a t i n g b ack t o Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. •