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Show 341 it involved controversy on the environmental force fields regarding oil in the Gulf of Mexico. Chapter 3 may also be considered a neo-argumentative analysis because it, too, mapped the forces of argument that were used to protect corporations as constitutional subjects without relying on reason. The Southern Pacific Railway used its forces of space and time to achieve a useful alliance with Legal Realists that did the bidding for the railway company to convince legalists that corporations are natural entities rather than just imaginary "creatures of the state," even after Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co. was decided. Indeed, the forces of the transcontinental railway were so powerful that justices had already assumed corporations were constitutional subjects without much disagreement at all. Rethinking Social Change Third, the corporate subject teaches us that corporations are capable of inciting widespread social change. Corporations produced social change in all three of our case studies, and this demonstrates that corporate subjects are important, even necessary, social actors. In Chapter 3, we saw that the Southern Pacific Railway instigated social change in the SCOTUS by using its networks to get legalists to conceptualize corporations as real entities deserving of constitutional protection. Since Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co. (1886), corporations have gained constitutional protection under the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Amendments. Citizens United v. FEC (2010) decided that corporations can spend unlimited amounts of money on political campaigns as acts of free speech. In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby (2014), the SCOTUS ruled that corporations also have the freedom of religion. These decisions have |
