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Show Ecological Risk Assessment Northern Oquirrh Mountains Appendix 2 2,000 ,000, 3,500 or 4,000 ppm) but not at 500 ppm Zn-oxide in diets for 10 weeks; no et mortality or severe toxicosis was observed, even at concentrations as high as 3,500 ppm (Ott caused weeks al., 1966 b,d). Likewise, Zn-sulfate at up to 4,040 ppm in the diet of sheep for two no adverse physiological effects (Thompson et al., 1959). Pregnant sheep fed 750 ppm Zn sulfate during gestation had 85% nonviable lambs, although no data on lamb viability of control animals were reported; 150 ppm had no adverse effects (Campbell and Mills, 1979). Ruminants, therefore, have a NOAEL value at 692 ppm Zn and a LOAEL value at 750 ppm. Swine fed a diet containing Zn-carbonate at sao, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 ppm for six weeks (n=6 per group) showed decreased weight gain and death at and above 1,000 ppm (Brink et al., 1959) only caused slight scouring at these concentrations (Cox and Hale, 1962). provide a NOAEL of 500 ppm and a LOAEL of 1,000 ppm for monogastric whereas Zn-oxide These data herbivorous mammals. Chickens fed diets containing 1,000 ppm Zn-oxide, Zn-sulfate, or Zn-carbonate showed no adverse effects while 2,000 or 3,000 ppm of these compounds decreased weight gain over a 16 week period (Johnson et al., 1962; Roberson and Schaible, 1960) Turkeys did not exhibit weight 1,000 or 2,000 ppm Zn-oxide but did at 4,000, 5,950, and 10,000 ppm, although no mortality occurred during the 21 day test (Vohra and Kratzer, 1968). Day-old Japanese quail (n=10 per group) fed 62.6, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 ppm Zn-carbonate for two weeks were much more sensitive to the effects of Zn, developing anemia at 125 ppm and decreased growth at and above 250 ppm; mortality occurred at 2,000 ppm (Hamilton et al., 1979). These data loss at suggest a NOAEL of 125 ppm and a LOAEL of 250 ppm for herbivorous birds. 2.9.1.2 Wild Birds Mallards fed Zn-carbonate at 3,000, 9,000, or 12,000 ppm in food for 60 days (n=6 per group) exhibited decreased food consumption, weight loss, and severe paralysis at all concentrations (Gasaway and Buss, 1972). A NOAEL of 125 ppm and a LOAEL of 250 ppm for herbivorous birds should be set, based on the Japanese quail sensitivities. 2.9.1.3 Wild Mammals Ferrets given diets containing sao, 1,500, or 3,000 ppm Zn (n=3 or 5 per group) due to supplementation with Zn-oxide showed no effect at 500 ppm (Straube et al., 1980). At 1,500 ppm, death occurred in 21 days in two out of five animals, and the remaining three were in extremely poor condition. All three animals in the 3,000 ppm group died by day 13. Therefore, a NOAEL for mammalian carnivores is 500 ppm Zn with a LOAEL at 1,500 ppm. 2.9.1.4 Soil Invertebrates Larsen et a/. (1994) studied the effects of various heavy metals in sludge-amended soils on several invertebrates. Zinc at a soil concentrations of 1 SO ppm had no observable effects on spiders. Beyer et al. (1984) studied the effects of Zn-contaminated soil on ground woodlouse (Porcellio scaber Latreille) survival by feeding lice litter containing 5,000 or 20,000 ppm Zn for eight weeks. Survival was reduced in both treatment groups. Therefore, a NOAEL or web for soil invertebrates is set at 150 ppm with a LOAEL at 5,000 ppm. ecological planning and toxicology, inc. 23 |
