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Show Ecological Risk Assessment Northern Oquirrh Mountains Appendix 2 greater, there was an increase in the percent mortality of kits from birth to 4 weeks and a Consequently, the mammalian weight at 160 ppm. decrease in kit carnivore NOAEL for Cu was set at 110 ppm and a LOAEL at 160 ppm. 2.6.1.4 Soil Invertebrates Larsen et al. (1994) studied the effects of various heavy metals in sludge-amended soils on several invertebrates. Copper at a soil concentrations of 30 ppm had no observable effects on Beyer and Stafford (1993) collected live earthworms from soils ground Of web spiders. 14 300 to containing ppm Cu, although this study was designed to measure tissue to not look at earthworm effects. cauanan et a/. (1994) calculated an earthworm concentrations, L.Cso at 355 ppm for Cu-nitrate and 520 ppm for Cu-sulfate. Therefore, a NOAEL for soil invertebrates could be set at 300 ppm with a LOAEL at 355 ppm. 2.6.2 Table 7. Proposed Wildlife Thresholds (NOAEL) and Effects Thresholds (LOAEL) for Copper in Feed for Wild Animals (ppm d.w.) Concentration Tolerable Maximum Proposed I No Observable Adverse Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level Effect Level (NOAEL) (LOAEL) 500 800 I Herbivorous birds Insectivorous birds carnlvcrous birds 7.3 ruminants - 26.6 30 38 - 425 250 Other herbivorous mammals Insectivorous mammals Carnivorous mammals 110 160 Invertebrates 300 355 *range is given for low molybdenum and high molybdenum diets. Copper acute toxicity values were taken from NRC (1980) and Howard (1993). Acute toxicity values are one to two orders of magnitude greater than the chronic toxicity thresholds. 2.6.3 Trophic Transfer Factors 'Trophic transfer factors (Table 17) for plants to herbivores are based on data from mallards, American widgeon (Anas mareca), chicken, cattle, and ponies. The transfer factors for herbivores to carnivores come from a ferret feeding study. The piscivore transfer factor is from a study of marbled murrelets (Synthliboramphus antiguus), comparing ingesta to tissue levels of Cu and from buffleheads (Bucephala albeola). Transfer factors from soil to soil invertebrates are derived from data on spiders reported by Larsen et al. (1994) in graphical form. Therefore, the information is approximate and should be used to provide order of magnitude information only. Table 8. Trophic Transfer Factors for Copper liver kidney bone muscle whole Reference body plants to herbivores 1.22 0.02 0.002 (0.00-19.55) (0.02-0.03) (0-0.003) ecological planning and toxicology, inc. Boyer et a/ 1981 Felsman et a/., 1973 .• 13 |
