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Show 968 LEADING FACTS EARLY HISTORY MEXICAN OF NEW furnishing escorts and guides, These Indians, his command. the southern tribes which had was evidenced by the class of the Spaniards and became friendly, as well as provisions, to Espejo and in many respects, were superior to become known to the Spaniards, as the Salinas, but the main body of the tribe, at this time, seems to have resided 300 miles east of Santa Fé, probably on the Arkansas, within the present Kansas, Forty years later there were Jumanos where they were said to be also in 1632. fifteen leagues east of the Piros and Tigua villages of the Salinas, not far from About this time Pecos river, who were administered to by the priest at Quairai. The the Salinas pueblos were abandoned on account of Apache depredations. Jumano did not participate in the Pueblo was quelled, i. e., in October, 1683, 200 of Paso, to request missionaries, but owing by reason of the revolt in the north, the lowing year, friars visited the Jumano rebellion of 1680-92, but before it this tribe visited the Spaniards at El to the unsettled conditions of affairs, In the folrequest was not granted. in southern Texas, and, within this eran ordinarias no so lo en los ecarros y espafioles que encontraban en los caminos, pero aun en las poblaciones y en los reales de minas mas pobladas. En los reales de Mapimi, del Parral y en San Miguel de las Bocas se vivio en un continuo sobresalto, especialmente en las crescientes de las lunas, en que solian This recalls vividly the condition of New Mexico and of Arizona juntarse.’ not more than twenty-five years ago. The same custom of starting on forays and killing expeditions with the waxing moon, is well known to exist also among the Apaches. What Father Alegre says refers to 1644, however. A witness of the times, the Jesuit P. Nicolas de Zepeda, says, Relacion de lo Sucedio en esto Reino de Vizcaya desde el Ato de 1644 hasta el de 1645, ete., Doe. para La Historia de Mejico, series 2: ‘Como tambien tan cercano 4 las cosas tan nobles que an sucedio de los afios 4 esta parte que comenzaron 4 malograrse los indios de la nacion taboz, que es y hasido siempre la mas cruel bellicosa y guerrera pues no obstante que casi cada afio de nuevo les bajaban de paz los sefiores gobernadores y capitanes de presidios.’ The historian of the province of San Francisco de Zacatecas, Fr. Francisco de Arlegui, devotes several chapters to dissertations on the manners and customs of the Indians inhabiting or roaming over the various regions through which the missions of that province were scattered. He enumerates a long list of tribes, and without special reference to any one of them. ‘«The constant hostilities of the Tobosos were, for more than a century, the greatest obstacle to the colonization of Chihuahua, and they seriously impeded communication between Parral and New Mexico. The authors of the past century designate them as the scourge of Chihuahua. It was only after a century of frequently unsuccessful warfare, very similar to that which the United States troops have had to carry on against the Apaches, that the Tobosos were finally exterminated and the Apaches took their place as the curse of the unfortunate provinces. In 1748, the Tobosos, according to VillaSefior y Sanchez, Teatro Americano, vol. li, lib. v, cap. xi, p. 297, were reduced to not over one hundred families. It is not unreasonable to suppose that the few remaining Tobosos, if any, joined the Apaches, when the latter began to infest Chihuahua. But this would be no proof of the assumption by Orozco Jy Berra that the language of the Tobosos belonged to Apache or Tinneh stock. See Geografia de Lenguas, pp. 309, 325, 327. just quoted says, that the Tobosos prepared It is perfectly true, as the author the road for the Apaches in central and southern Chihuahua, in Coahuila, and in neighboring states; but while it is not at all impossible that they were a kindred tribe, knowledge, no evidence to that effect.’ there is as yet, to my SPANISH EXPLORATIONS 269 houses which they had in places. Some of them were probably built of adobe brick, or of stone, possibly. They told Espejo of a tradition that many years before ‘‘three Christians and a negro’’ decade, they became known to the French under the name of Choumans. Various references to them are made during the 18th century, including perhaps the significant statement by Cabello (Informe, 1784, Ms. cited DY... 2 Bolton, inf’n, 1906) that the Taguayazes (Wichitas) are known in Mexico by the name of Jumanes also. As late as the middle of the 19th century, they are mentioned in connection with the Kiowa, and again as living near Lampazas, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, The tribal name was once applied to the Wichita mountains, in Oklahoma, and it is still preserved in the ‘‘Mesa Jumanos’’ of New Mexico. F, W. Hodge, in his monograph, The Jumano Indians, pages 8-9, says: ‘‘The Salinas referred to are situated in the central portion of that part of Valencia county, New Mexico, lying east of the Rio Grande. Bounding the salt lagoon area on the south is the Mesa de los Jumanos, or, as it is termed on present-day if not altogether ‘modern’ maps, ‘Mesa Jumanes.’ This landmark. of Course, derived its name from the tribe which formerly occupied the vicinity, a fact illustrating the persistency with which aboriginal names are sometimes retained in the Southwest, even where good excuse may exist for forgetting them. ‘‘The Salinas country, although known far and wide for its generally in- hospitable and forbidding character, was inhabited at the opening of the seven- teenth century Tigua and Piro the Jumano. and for twenty-five years later, by the eastern divisions of the (the latter being sometimes known as Tompiro), as well as by The former two groups belong to the Tanoan linguistic family and inhabited several pueblos similar to those of their Rio Grande congeners. When, in 1626, Fray Alonzo Benavides, the Father Custodian of the missions of New Mexico, appealed for additional missionaries, he had particularly in mind the conversion of the tribes of the Salinas region, especially the Jumano, among whom Fray Juan de Salas had already been. Says Benavides, writing In 1630, ‘I kept putting off the Xumanas who were asking for him (Salas), until God should send more laborers.’ ‘‘Through their affection for Salas, the founder of the mission of Isleta, the Jumano went year after year for some six years prior to 1629 to visit him at that Rio Grande mission station in the hope, they asserted, that he might come to live among them. Finally, on July 22, 1629, a delegation of some fifty Jumano visited the pueblo of San Antonio de Isleta, where the custodian (probably Estevan de Perea) was then staying, for the purpose of again asking for friars ; and ‘being questioned as to what induced them to make this demand, they said that a woman wearing the habit had urged them to come; and being shown a picture of Mother Luisa de Carrion, they rejoiced, and speaking to each other said that the lady who had sent them resembled the picture, except that abe, was younger and more beautiful.’ ‘Fray Juan de Salas and Fray Diego Lopez volunteered to go, accompanied by an escort of three soldiers. They found the Jumano this time more than 112 leagues (about 300 miles) to the eastward from Santa Fé, or possibly im the western part of the present Kansas in the vicinity of what later became known as El Quartelejo. The cause of this shifting may have been due to the hostility among the tribes of the Salinas about this time, of which Benavides Speaks, for subsequent history seems to indicate that the Jumano were never an aggressive people ‘* There has been much discussion regarding the location of the °ecupied by the Jumano that was dedicated to ‘the glorious Isidoro’. ‘pueblo’ We may |