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Show ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF FIRST INHABITANTS 49 tude and seventy-five degrees of longitude.** The wide differences in language point to a separation for long periods of time of the various branches of this family, certainly covering many centuries. Geographically the Athapascans inhabited three great divisions of the continent, the Northern, the Pacific, and the Southern. The Northern division covered almost all of the northwest portion of North America, only a narrow strip barring them from Hudson The Pacific division was in the states of bay and the Arctic ocean. Washington and Oregon, while the Southern division held sway over a vast area in the southwest, including most of Arizona and New Mexico, the southern portions of Utah and Colorado, the west borders of Kansas and Texas, and the north portion of Mexico to latitude twenty-four degrees. Their principal neighbors were the members of the Shoshonean So far as it has been able to family and the several Pueblo tribes. The be ascertained the language of this division was quite uniform. peoples composing it are the Navajés south of the San Juan river in New Mexico and Arizona, the Apaches on all sides of the Nayajos, except to the north, and the Lipan, formerly in Texas but now The Apaches were, in merged with the Mescaleros in New Mexico. truth, a number of tribes forming the southernmost part of the The word ‘‘Apache,’’ in all probability, was Athapascan family. derived from a Zuni word, apachu, meaning enemy, which was the 31 Hodge, F. W., Handbook of American Indians, p. 66: divided into a number ‘‘The Apache are of tribal groups which have been so differently named and defined that it is sometimes difficult to determine to which branch writers refer. The most commonly accepted divisions are the Querechos or Vaqueros, consisting of the Mescaleros, Jicarillas, Faraones, Llaneros, and probably the Lipan; the Chiricahua; the Pinalefios; the Coyoteros, comprising the White Mountain and Pinal divisions; the Arivaipa; the Gila Apache, including the Gilefios, Mimbrefios and Mogollones; and the Tontos. The present official divisions, with their population in 1903, is as follows: White Mountain Apache (comprising the Arivaipa, Tsltaden or Chilion, Chiricahua, Coyoteros, Mimbrefios, Mogollones, Pinals, ‘‘San Carlos,’’ and Tontos) under Ft. Apache agency, 2,058; Apache, consisting of the same divisions as above under San Carlos agency, 2,275; Apache at Angora, Arizona, 38; Jicarillas under school superintendent in New Mexico, 782; Mescaleros under Mescalero agency, New Mexico, 464; Chiricahua at Ft. Sill, Okla., 298; Kiowa Apache, under Kiowa agency, Okla., 156. Besides these there were 19 Lipan in northwest Chihuahua, some of the survivors of a tribe which, owing to their hostility, was almost destroyed, chiefly by Mexican Kickapoo co-operating with Mexican troops. This remnant was removed from Zaragoza, Mexico, to Chihuahua in October, 1903, and a year later were brought to the United States and placed under the Mescalero agency in New Mexico. ’ |