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Show ee CEE S aipp. GF ethe OF NEW FACTS MEXICAN HISTORY ane Until a very recent date, the fieree Apache and the Navajé were the constant enemies of the quiet, peaceable Pueblo Indian and his ancestors. These wanderTHE ATHAPASCAN RACE— THE NAVAJO ing tribes, the Arabs of the plains, together with the AND THE APACHE, THE ENEMIES elements and climatic conOF THE PUEBLO INDIAN ditions, through centuries of time, are responsible, in a great degree, for the destruction of many of the pueblo houses, communal, detached or cliff or cave variety, the ruins of which have been a never-ending cause of inquiry ture r Sr ee ~ ia] s ae — oa ; 33 . 5eone. Fran LEADING 48 Navaj6 Canyon, Mesa Verde Colorado; Casa the so-called Montezuma Castle on Beaver ciated with these cliff-dwellings, and situated or at the base of the cliffs below, are ruins with the pueblos in the open country. Blanca in Canyon de Chelly, and creek, Arizona. Intimately assoon the plateaus immediately above of pueblos in every way identical The so-called Cliff Palace in Walnut Canyon, Mesa Verde, Colorado, of a group of houses in a fair state of preservation, all connecting and consists opening one into the other, the whole forming a crescent about one hundred yards from end to end. It contains ruins of 146 rooms, some of which are ledge. The village contained five kivas or estufas. on a secondary Some travelers have reported the occurrence of ancient stone houses overwhelmed and destroyed by flows of lava, and have inferred great age from this; verification of these reports is entirely wanting. The best work treating of these cliff-dwellings is that of Nordenskiold, Cliff Dwellings of the Mesa Verde, published in 1893. Other works treating of the same subject are: oo A. F., Papers Archeological Institute of America, iii, 1890; iv, Birdsall, Bul. Am. Geo. Society, xxiii, 1891. Chapin, Land of the Cliff-Dwellers, 1892. Fewkes, J. W., 17th and 22nd Annual Reps., Bureau of Am. Eth., 1898, Hewett, Dr. E. L., Smithsonian Report, 1894. Holmes, W. H., U. 8. Geological Survey of Territories, 1876, 1879. Jackson, Ibid, 1874, 1876. Mindeleff, V., 8th Annual Report, Bureau Am. Eth., 1891. Mindeleff, C., 13th Annual Report, Bureau of Am. Eth., 1896. Powell, J. W., 7th Annual Report, Bureau of Am. Eth., xviii, 1901. 80 Bancroft, H. H., Native Races, i, p. 38. 1904. Wear ete = a ad ete x page RG eat sr ge ast ap * dl-mal Tam ae: and speculation. The Apache and the Navajé are of the Athapascan race,*° the most widely distributed of all the Indian linguistic families of North America, at one time extending over parts of the continent from near the Arctic coast far into northern Mexico, trom the Pacific to Hudson bay, and from the Rio Colorado to the mouth of the Rio Grande, a territory extending for more than forty degrees of lati- |