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Show 42 LEADING FACTS OF NEW MEXICAN HISTORY ORIGIN was occupied when the probably the sole pueblo now inhabited which entary proof of the docum ant abund ig There Spaniards came.”* wandering, marauding destruction of pueblo villages by these by war in 1700-1701. yed destro tribes. The pueblo of Awatubi was by water and reyed destro been has go Domin The pueblo of Santo Since the 7. years.? ed built on different sites four times in two hundr been rehave s pueblo l severa Mexican and American occupancy ing and remov people the nce, existe of out gone built; others have Cicuyé-Pecos, which joining another pueblo, notably the pueblo of American conquest, the before was abandoned about seven years of Jemez. pueblo the to g movin tants the remaining inhabi in New Mexico. found tion habita t ancien of class r anothe is There the communal of been have The habitations heretofore described house, the detached house, and the eavate The cliff-dwelling is a type distypes. ANCIENT CLIFF-DWELLINGS tinct in itself. The term ‘‘cliff-dwellhouses in the cliffs of the arid region. the ing’’ is used to designate ed, at least in the main, to the tribes belong nts occupa Their former The high mesa lands of Arizona, Colknown today as the Pueblos. l recesses and orado, New Mexico, and Utah are replete in natura primitive cliffs; the of faces the in shallow caverns weathered ence, prefer by gh althou , region the of sion posses tribes on taking many in s, stream ng runni the s along valley the g in settlin doubt no ated ‘‘In this province there are seven other villages depopul Alvarado says: the guides will and destroyed by those Indians who paint their eyes, of whom and tell your Grace; they say that these live in the same region as the cows, that they have corn and houses of straw.’’ er, Adolph F., Final Report, part i, p. 34: ‘‘ With the exception of 26 Bandeli was at the time of CoronAcoma, there is not a single pueblo standing where it lished the peaceable ado, or even sixty years later, when Juan de Ofiate accomp reduction of the New Mexico village Indians. caused by hostilities or merely by fear of them. an important change in the numbers Such mutations have also been The great insurrection of 1680 and distribution of Indian vil- oe ages.’’ ‘‘The original pueblo, called Gui-pu-y, stood 27 Bandelier, Adolph F., says: east of the present on the banks of the arroyo de Galisteo, more than a mile It was partly destroyed by a rise of this arroyo in one station of Domingo. night. The next pueblo has completely disappeared, the Rio Grande having The village of to-day has It was called Uash-Pa-Tze-Na. washed it away. suffered three disasters. ’’ _ Mindeleff, C., Aboriginal Remains, 13th Annual Report, Bureau of Am. Eth.: ‘‘A band of 500 village-building Indians might leave the ruins of fifty villages It is very doubtful whether in the course of a single century. of Pueblo Indians ever exceeded 30,000.’’ the total number AND HISTORY OF FIRST INHABITANTS 43 cases naturally occupied the ready-made shelters for residence. storage, and burial, and for hiding and defense, in time of danger. : This occupancy led in time to the building of marginal walls for protection and houses within for dwelling, to the enlargement of the rooms by excavation when the formations permitted, and, probably later on, to the excavation of commodious dwellings, such as are now found in many sections of the arid region. It is for this reason that archeologists have divided the cliff-dwellings into two distinct classes, the cliff house proper, constructed of masonry, and the cavate house, excavated in the cliffs. It is commonly believed that the agricultural tribes of preSpanish times, who built large towns and developed an extensive irrigation system, resorted to the cliffs, not from choice, but because of the encroachment of war-like tribes, who were probably nonagricultural, having no well established place of abode. This must be true to some extent, for no people, unless urged by dire necessity, would resort to fastnesses in remote canyon walls or to the margins of barren and almost inaccessible plateaus and there establish their dwellings at enormous cost of time and labor; and it is equally certain that a people once forced to these retreats would, when the stress was removed, descend to the lowlands to re-establish their houses where water is convenient and in the immediate vicinity of arable lands. Although these motives of hiding and defense should not be overlooked, it appears that many of the cliff-dwelling sites were near streams and fields and were occupied because they afforded shelter and were natural dwelling places. It is important to note also that many of the cliff-houses, both built and excavated, are mere storage places for corn and other property, while many others are out-looks from which the fields below could be watched and the approach of strangers observed. In some districts evidences of post-Spanish occupancy of some sites exist, walls of houses are built on deposits accumulated since sheep were introduced, and adobe bricks, which were not used in pre- historic times, appear in some cases. dition exists among the Hopi, A well authenticated tra- that about the middle of the 18th century a group of their clans, the Asa people, deserted their Village on account of an epidemic and removed to the Canyon de |