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Show ICAN LEADING FACTS OF NEW MEX 399 ORIGIN HISTORY of the Southwest. They with those of the other sedentary tribes unusual achievement only their this and in were pottery makers, Upon ng in ornamentation. seems to have been in the use of glazi which ry potte of brown pieces almost all of the beautiful red and wi, and Ty-u-on-yi, the black Ot-o, Pu-yé at ered recov been have vitreous coating, which chema lines on the vessels are covered with ng.*® glazi true ical analysis proves to be dwellers upon the Pajarito It cannot be said that the ancient of the tribes now living in plateau were the immediate ancestors relationship is not queswas That there the Rio Grande valley. It is to be determined. yet is ip ionsh tioned, but the degree of relat This ted. entirely accep the theory of absolute identity that is not first was os Puebl of the general theory concerning the ancestry for and l, Powel W. J. announced by no less authority than Major facts upon based was It . usive concl many years was accepted as glazing, as practised by the 16 Hewett, Dr. Edgar L., Ibid.: ‘The process of been decorated and fired in Pajaritans, was very simple. After the vessel had was laid on over the ornaof salt water the usual manner, a saturated solution of heat as they were able ment and the vessel again fired under as great a degreesolution combining with the the to produce in their primitive kiln. The soda of all surfaces on which the silica of the clay produced over the design, and over glaze which could never ent solution might have been spread, a true, transpar the vessel itself to the full scale or peel off without taking with it the clay of The spreading of the solution depth to which the salt water had penetrated. beautiful accidental effects, and the occurrence of oxides in the clay produced particularly the rich iridescent tints found on the pottery at Pu-yé and Ty-u- on-yi. of the Little Colorado ‘¢Qlazing was practised to some extent in the valley of migrations from the Rio but the art was probably carried there in the course fact, nowhere else on In It is of quite an inferior order. Grande drainage. od as in this the American continent was the art of glazing so well understo archeologists, n It was long held, and may still be held by some America region. that wherever foun that the art of glazing was not indigenous to America, and In fact, by some it has been ealled it is an indication of European influence. It was practised We have shown the contrary to be true. the Spanish glaze. the advent of the on the plateau west of the Rio Grande for centuries prior to oceurred with Spaniards, and ceased to be practised during the upheaval that The art is unknown to the modern Pueblos, 38 the coming of the conquerors. heir-looms and vessels, sacred never seen in the specimens of archaic pottery, ons, and is not to be that have been handed down among them for many generati over almost the entire found in the refuse heap of their villages which go back On the other hand it occurs profusely in all the ruins on the historical period. has ever been found, influence western plateau, where no vestige of European mensites which if occupied at the time of the conquest could not have escaped e tion in the ecclesiastical records. It may then be safely affirmed that decorativ inclined to consider glazing was an indigenous American art, and I should be its origin.’’ the plateaus of the Rio Grande drainage as the place of AND HISTORY OF FIRST INHABITANTS 31 of similarity in culture and upon the statements of the living Indians.*” The system of symbolism of the Pajaritans was dominated by one definite idea. The prevailing motive throughout all their decoration 17 Hewett, Dr. Edgar L., Ibid.: ‘‘My reasons for the rejection of this theory are: First, the symbols with which the ancient people of Pajarito decorated their pottery were entirely different from those of the Pueblos of the present day. This fact was pointed out by me and supported by a large series of illus- trations in a paper read before Section H of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Washington, ‘“The most convincing testimony in 1902. on the subject of the non-identity of the Pajaritans with the modern Pueblos is that of their physical characters. The skeletal remains that have been collected, in one case as many as 125 subjects from a single burial place, have been examined by Doctor Herdlicka, and in a preliminary statement he pronounces the ancient Pajaritan people to have been of rather inferior muscular development and of the dolicocephalic type; moreover, a homogeneous people, unmixed thority modern Pueblos in physical are predominantly characteristics. a brachycephalic On the same au- people. This non- conformity of physical type seems to destroy the hypothesis of identity between the ancient cliff-dwelling people of this region, whom I have called Pajaritans, and the modern Pueblos. ‘“The evidence on which the hypothesis of identity was mainly based was the For example, the Keres of Cochiti testimony of the Pueblo Indians themselves. have always claimed the Rito de los Frijoles as one of their ancestral homes, and the Te-wa of Santa Clara have in like manner laid claim to the ruined towns The claim of the latter village was taken for thorough consideration. of Pu-yé. For over a quarter of a century these Indians have consistently claimed the cliffdwellings and community homes of Pu-yé as the homes of their ancestors. Dura claim ing this period the Pueblo of Santa Clara has had pending in the courts against the government of the United States for a large tract of land, about 90,000 acres, lying west of their grant and extending to the top of the Jemez The basis of the claim was an alleged Spanish grant, and in the support range. of such documentary proof as could be adduced, their ancient homes scattered over the plateau, particularly the Pu-yé villages, were pointed out. of ‘CThis tradition certainly came to be believed in good faith by a majority in It was a stock argument in pointing out the injustice of the court tribe. the lieu of granting them a strip of less than 500 acres along Santa Clara ereek in This case was recently settled by the setting the large tract claimed by them. aside of the original claim and granting in lieu thereof of a new reservation embracing something near half of the tract originally claimed. Since the favorable issue of their suit the old men of Santa Clara are losing their fear that the admission of their claim. their exact relationship with the people of Pu-yé will prejudice to consider their opposi_ ‘In a council held with the head men in August, 1907, to be the exact truth of tion to my making excavations at Pu-yé, what I believe They do not contend that their people, in their present the matter came out. of the cliff-dwellings organization as a village group, were the original builders and community houses of Pu-yé. re-oceupation house by the It invasion. Clara families temporary and They hold consistently to the tradition of a of the cliff houses and of some rooms in the great community Santa Clara people during the troublous times of the Spanish is possible that after the Pueblo rebellion of 1680, some Santa This could have been but a lived for a while in the cliff-houses. limited occupation. The acculturation resulting from contact with |