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Show ¢ pe JOURNEY of the viceroy and the emperor, and gave to it the name of the Kingdom of St. Francis, in honor of the founder of his order. ‘a followed my mesas, Niza scarcely would have used the words: we came in sight of Cibola;’ that is, the road he was following; the ‘<The friar describes the pueblo as ‘lying in a plain at the slope height.’ This is one of the most significant points in the narrative Hawaikth. This ruin was surveyed by Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, and road until only road. of a round in favor of a carefully prepared ground-plan is reproduced in the Memoir Architecture of Tusayan and Cibola, by Victor Mindeleff, in the Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. This author describes (p. 80) the ruin of Hawaikuh as ‘occupying the point of a spur projecting from a low rounded hill,’ a deserip- tion coinciding precisely with that by Niza. in a plain as to command Moreover, Hawaikth is so situated a view for miles in every direction, a situation worthy of the enthusiasm of even the undemonstrative Niza, who described it as ‘the handsomest I have seen in these parts.’ Ki-ak-i-ma, perched on its inconvenient knoll of talus and cowering under the projection of old Taaiyalone, could not have conjured up this outburst of praise from the honest old friar. ‘*Ki-ak-i-ma, it will be seen, is not in a plain. A view toward that pueblo from the southern heights is completely closed by Thunder Mountain, which here seems to wall the very Universe. Furthermore, I am confident, through personal observation, that the mountain does not appear to be round from either the west or the south. ‘*Niza could never have been so deceived as to have said: ae cole ‘Where I placed myself in the appearance to observe, the of Ki-ak-i-ma settlement is larger than the City of Mexico.’ Such a comparison might truthfully have been made with Hawaikth, however, situated as it was in a broad plain, with no beetling eee | ! | height to be-little it. ‘*Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, who made a careful survey and study of the Ki-aki-ma ruin, informs me that in all probability the houses did not exceed one story. Those of Hawaikéh, in the language of Mr. Victor Mindeleff, considering ‘the large amount of debris and the comparative thinness of such walls as are found, suggest that the dwellings had been densely clustered and carried to the height of several stories.’ In this connection it is of moment to observe that Niza speaks of the houses as ‘all of stone, with their stories and flat roofs,’ a refer- ence that under the circumstances could not pertain to Ki-ak-i-ma. ‘*The re-iteration of the Indians ‘that the village now in view was the smallest one of the seven’ I believe to have been mere braggadocio, and contained as much truth as their allegation in the same breath that Tusayan was much more important than Cibola. Any statement to the effect that the smallest village of the Cibolan group was larger than the City of Mexico is incredible. Niza has shown himself to have been a man of truth. The many groundless assertions of the Indians as recorded throughout this and subsequent Spanish De narratives een wesc speak for themselves. sian ype ene ape Niza this would suffice f Se Southeast and south the oo Bt not include Halona ‘Da a. 7 ae westward along 41 Pious th : ong one oe a Hawaikth 1€ site of the and AB southern age ines seventeenth century att which Kechipauan five settlement to Haw: ‘kh awaikuh the present Zui), and from any point farther eminences Ce ie. . Hawaikth was the village seen by ene AN visible only from ~ from these directions that would 7 Matsaki also would have been seen. on which Hawaikih was situated, however, Po sixteenth century. That village was ai walls of the ruined adobe church erected in the as above the plain. T’kanawe (a triple pueblo of a part), on the mesa to the southeastward, the nearest when that village was inhabited, could be seen neither TO CIBOLA 155 These formalities having been gone through with, the friar turned his face southward, anxious to return to Mexico. His escort had left him and, making all the haste possible, he passed through the valley of the San Pedro where, to his terror, he found that he was in poor repute with the natives, all of which frightened him, but not to such a degree as to prevent his again claiming possession of the entire country for the viceroy. ‘With far more fright than food,’’ says the friar, the return journey was made in great haste, traveling at the rate of eight or ten leagues each day. On his way to the Seven Cities, the friar had heard of a large valley among the mountains. This valley was off the route which he traveled but he had been told that in the valley were very large settlements and that the people wore garments made of cotton. Desiring to ascertain whether there was any gold in this valley or the adjacent mountains, he showed the Indians some metals which he had and they picked out the gold, telling him that the inhabitants of the valley had vessels of that metal and also wore ornaments made of the same kind. That they also had some little shovels with which they scraped themselves to be rid of their perfrom the valley below necessarily must have nor from the adjacent been the ‘village now heights. Hawaikth, in view.’ ‘‘Mr. Bandelier’s belief that Ki-ak-i-ma was discovered by Niza, was based mainly on tradition. Concerning the visit of Estevan to two accounts have been recorded by Mr. Cushing, each of which The text of one of these stories scene of the killing at Ki-ak-i-ma. therefore, : it appears the Zufis, places the 1s approxl- mately accurate; the other maintains that the wise men of the Ka-Ka order took Estevan ‘out of the pueblo during the night and gave him a powerful kick that A tradition sped him through the air back to the south, whence he had come. ’ So contorted by its authors that it bears little semblance of its original form is worthy of serious consideration only in so far as it aids in establishing the maximum age at which authenticity of Zufi tradition ceases. ‘In view then of the untrustworthiness of Zufi tradition, as above exemplified, can the persistent myth of the natives that Ki-ak-i-ma was the pueblo Estevan met his death stand in the way of such overpowering testimony contrary? Should the story of the negro where to the who, by a powerful kick, was sped strand through the air back whence he had come, a story suspended by a single Jaramillo, of truth, take precedence as historical evidence over the statement of Who visited Hawaikah with Coronado only a year later and specifically recorded that ‘here was where they killed Estevanillo,’ or of the declaration in 1626 of Fray Geronimo de Zarate Salmeron, who mentions Hawaikth positively as the Cibola of Fray Marcos and of Coronado. ‘“That Hawaikth was the village first seen by Estevan, who there met death; his Piman that it was the ‘City of Cibola’ rising from the plain which Niza and guides viewed from the southern heights in 1539, and that it was the pueblo They Coronado stormed in the summer of the following year, seems indisputadie, aeé S* HISTORY MEXICAN Fa a en eins OF NEW FACTS LEADING 154 |