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Show Names of Subjlances. Bbok III, to be apprehended. For the Idea, or Etfence, of the feveral forts of artificial Things, confining, for the moll: part, . in nothing but the determinate Fi&ure offenlibleParts;and fomeumesMouon depe~ding thereon, which the Arttficer fafh1ons tn Matter, fuch as he finds for h1s Turn, it is nor beyond the reachof?urFaculties to attain a certain Idea thereof; and fo fett_le the ligmficauon of the Names, whereby the Species of artificial Tlungs are d1fltng~1fl1ed, With lefs Doubt, Obfcunty, and Equivocation, than we can m Thmgs natural, whofe differences and Operations depend upon Contrivances, beyond the reach of our Difcoveries. ~-4o.I mufl be excufed here,ifl think,artiftcial 1hingr ar. of dij}inEI Spe. ~ier, as well as nat:~ral : ~ince I find they are as plain? and orderly ranked tnto forts, artd have d1£lm8: complex I dear, to wh1ch we give gene'>! Names, as much difiinCl: one from another, as natural Subfiances. For 'YIJY fhould 1veno1 think a Watch, and Pifiol, as difiinCl: Species one from another, as a Horfe, and a Dog, they bemg exprelfed in our Minds by difiinCl:/ dear, aoct to others, by difiinCl: Appellations ? ~- 4'· This is farther to be obferved concerning Su/;fla»~er that they alo~e of all our feveral_ forts of lde~r, have particular, or pr;per Na~m, whereby one o~ly parncularTiung IS ligmfied. Becaufe in lim pie ldm Mod~, and Relations, it feldom. happens, that Men have occalion 1~ menqon often th1s, or that partiCular, when it is abfent. Befides the greatefi part o_f 111ixed ~odes, ~ing AEI:ions, which perifh in their Birth, 31it; l}otcapablephlat1mg Dura~on, as Subfiances, which are the Actors• aqd )Vperein the complex !dear, deligned by that Name, have a tailing t){l!Oll. ,/ !, ' . _§. 4~-. I n;mfi beg Pardon ~f my Reader, f<>r J1aving dwelt fo long Ui" 1h1s SubJe4, and, per hap~, _w1thfome Obfcubry. But I delire, it may be confidered, how dif/icu/1 IS IS, to l•ad anotl;er bJ Wordr into tbe 1ho11y,Jm of "(hmgr, /lnpp'd of thofe JPeci;fcal differ•ncer we give them: Which Thmgs, 1fl name not, I fay nothing ; and if I do name them, I thereby rank them •nto fame fort, or other, and fuggefi to the Mind the ufual a!J. firal.l Idea of that Spec1es ; and fo crofs my purpofe. For to talk of a Man, and to lay_ by! at the fame time, the ordinary Ggnification of the Name Man, wluch IS our complex Idea, ufually annexed to it . and bid the Rea~er confider Man, _as J:e ~ in himfelfl a~d whereby h~ is really dlfungUiflled from others, m Ius Internal Confi1tution or real E(lence · that is, by fomething, he knows not what,looks like trifling: and yet tlm; one m~fi do, who would fpeak of the fuppofed real Elfences and Specie< ?f Thmgs, as thought to be made by Nature, if it be but only to make lt underflood, that, there is no fuch thing_ li~nified by the general Names, Subfiances are _call? by. But becaufe 1t lS d1illcult by known familiar Names to do tlus, g1ve "!e leave to endeavour by an Example, to make th~ d1fferent Conliderauon, the Mmd has of fpecifick Names and Jdw, a httl; more clear; and to fhew how the complex !dear of Modes, are referr d fo~etimes to Archetype~ m theMmds of other intelligent Beings; or wluch IS the f.tme,to the ligntficat1on annexed by others, to their receive Names; and fomeumes,to no Archetypes at all. Give me leave alfo to fl1ew how the Mmd always refers its Ideas of Subfiances, either to the Subf!ances themfelves, or to the lignification of their Names as to their Arche~ ypes ; and alfo to make plain the Nature of Species, ~r forcing of Things, s apprehended, and made ufe of by us • and of the Elfences belonging w ~~ofe Species, which is, perhaps, of m.o:eMoment, to difcover the Extent d Cenamty of our Knowledge, than we at firfi imagine. ~-41· Let us fuppofc Adam 10 the State of a grown Man, with a good Vn· derf!an- Chap. VI. Names nf Subjlanccr. dernanding, but in a firange C~ntry, with all T hing< new,and unknown about him; and no other faculties, to attain the Knowledge of them but what one of this Age has now. He obferves Lamecbmoro melancholy ~han ufual, and imagines it to be from a fufpicion he has of his Wife Ada!J,whom hcmofi arJently loved, tim fl1e had toa much Kindncfs for another Man. Adam difcourfes thefe his Thoughts to Eve, and Jcfires her to rake care that Ad.d; commit not Folly: And in thefe Difcourfes with E7Je, he makes ufe ofthefe two new Words, Kin.eab and Nioup!J. In time, Adam'• miflake appears, lor he finds Lamec!Js Trouble proceeded from having kill"d a Man : But yet the two Names, Ki•neah and Nio•pb; the one 1\anding for fufp1cion in a Husband, of hi< Wive's Difloyalty to him; and the other, -for the ACl: of committing Difloyalty. It is plain then, that here were two difiinCl: complex Ideas of mixed Modes, with Names to them, two difl:inCl: Species of Actions elfentially different, I ask where· in confifl the EITences of thefe two difiinCl: Species of Actions, and 'tis plain, it conlifl:ed in a precife Combination of li111ple !dear, different in one from the other. I ask, whether the complex Idea in Adam's Mind, which he call 'd Kilmeab, were adequate, or no : And it is plain it was, for it being n Combination of fim ple Ide.u, which he without regard to any Archetype, withoutref}1ect to anything as a Pattern, voluntarily put together, abfiracted and gave the Name Kin•eal;to, to expref> in lhort to others, by that one found, all the ftmple Ideas contained and united in tllat complex one, it mufi neceiTarily follow, that it was an adequate Idea. His own choice having made that Combination, it had all in 11 he intended it fhould , and fo could not but be perlcEI:, could not but be adequate, it being referr'd to no other Archetype, which it was fuppofed to reprefent. §. 44· Thcfe Words, Kinneab and Nioupb, by degrees grew into common ule; and then the cafe was fomewhataltcred. AJam's Children had the fame Faculties, and thereby the fame Power, that he had, to ~akc what complex Ideas of mixeJ Modes they pleafed in their own Minds; 'to abflract them ; and make what Sounds they pleafed, the Signs of them: llut theufe of Names, being tu make our Idear within us known toothers, that cannot be done, but when the fame Sign f!ands for the fame Idea in two, who would communicate their Thoughts and Difcourfe together. Thofe therefore of Adam's Children , that lound thefe rwo Words, Kiitneab anJ Nioupb, in familiar ufe,could not take them for in fig- · nificant.founds: but mull: needs conclude, they fiood for fomething, for certain •!dear, abflract I deas, they being general Name_s, which abfl:raCl: !JeaPWere the EITences of the Species, dil\inguifhed by thofe Names. If therefore they would ufe thefe Words, as Names of Species, already efla· bliOl'd and agreed 'on, they were obliged to conform the Ideas m the1r Minds, fignified by thefe Names, to the Ideas that they fiood for 1n other Men's Mmds, and to conform their !dear to them,as to their Patterns and Archetypes ; and then indeed their !tlear of thefe complex Modes, were !table to be inadequate, as being very apt ( efpec1ally thofe that c~:mlif!ed of Combinations of many fimple Ideas) not to be exactly conformable to the Ideas in other Men's Minds, uling the fame Names; though lor thi.l, there be ufually a Remedy at Hand, which is , to ask the n;caning of any Word we under !land not, of him that ufes it : it being as •mpoOible, to know ceminly, what the Words J ealoufie and 1-dultery (which I think anrwer 1"1NljJ and ')1t<l) !land for 10 another Mans M10d, with whom I would difcourfe about them ; as it was imparTible, 10 the beginning of Languacre to know what Kinne a/; and Nio•pil fiood for m " ' · G g · anQther |