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Show Mixed ModeJ, Book II. in the Thoughts of Men, th:itt iri the reality of things; and to form fuch Ideas, it fufficed, that the Mind put the parts of them together, and that they were conlifient in the Underfianding, without conlidering w hethcr they had any real Being. Though I do not deny, but feveral of them might be take':l from Obfervation, -and the Exifience of feveral lim pie Ideas fo combmed, as they are put togett.er 10 the Underfianding : For the Man who firfi framed the Idea ofHypocrilie, might have either taken it at firfi from the obfervation of one, who made fhew of good ~alities which he had not; or elfe have framed that Idea in his Mind , without having any fuch patter!l to fafhion it by. for it is evident, thnt in the beginning of Languages, and Societies of Men, feveral of thofe compleJ< Ideas, which were confequen~ to the. Confiitutions efiabliJhed amongfi them, mufi needs have been 10 the Mmds of Men, before they exified any where elfe; and that many names, that fiood for fuch complex Idear were in ufe, and fo thofe Ideas framed,before the Combinations they fiood lor,ever exified. ~· 1· Indeed, now that Languages are made, and abound with words fianding_ for them, an ujual way of getting theft complex Ideas, is /Jy the expltcatton of thofe terms that /lanafor thern. For confifring of a company of limple lr.(eas combmed, they may by words, fianding for thofe funple Ideas, be reprefented to the Mind of one who underfiands thofe words, though that complex Combination of lim pie Ideas were never offered to Ius Mmd by the r~l ex1fience of things. Thus a Man may come to f1avc the Idea of Sacnlege, or Murther, by enumerating to him the lim pie Ideas thefe words fiand for, without ever feeing either of them committed. ~. 4· Every mix_ed Mode confifring of many difiind: limplc Ideas, it may be well enqmred, whence zt has tts Vni~v ; and how fuch 2 precife mulutude comes to make but ooeldea, Iince that Combination does not always exifi together in Nature: And rhi• it is ·~lain it has from an Act of the Mind combining rhofe feverallimpl~ Ideas tog~ther, and confidenng tl1e111 as 9ne compl~x o~e,confifiing of thole parts; and the mark of thiS Umon, or that which IS_looked on.~enerall~ to compleat it, is one name glVI'O to t}lat 9<'mb10at1on. For t1s by their names that Men commo'! IY regul~te the1r account of their difiiad: Species of mixed Modes, feldom p~owrng or conlidering any number of fimple Ideas, to make one com~le_x one, but fuch ColleCtions ~s there be names for. Thus, though the k!llmg of an old Man be as lit m Nature to be united into one complex Idea.' ~s the killing a Man's F~ther; yet there being no name fiandmg [\f~Ifely for the one, as there IS the name of Parricide to mark the O\her, _It IS not taken for •.~rticular complex Idea, nor a difiinctSpecies of ACl!Ops, froqJ th~t of killing_ a young Man, or any other Man. §+_If we fhould enqmre a littleJarther, to fee wlutt it is, that occa}ions MeN to make fevera! Comhmattons of frmple I~eaJ into difiind:, and, as it were, fetled Modes, aqd negleCt ot/Jers; wh1ch m the Nature of Things themfelves, have as much an aptnefs to be combined and make dillinct !deaf, we fhall find the ~eafon of it to be the end ofLa~guage; which be~~ to 'h"\k, or commumcate Mens Thoughts to one another, with all the II pat~ t 1at may.be, they ufually make fuch Collections of Ideas into complex Modes,_ and affix names to .• them, as they have frequent ufe of in rlC'f. \day ofLivmg ~nd Conv~rfat10n, leaving others, which they have u~ el om an occafion to ment10n,loofeand wjthout names that tye them !"ether: they.rather chufing to enumerate (when they h;ve need) fuch J. eas ~~ _make_ them up, by the particular names, that fiand for them, than Chap. XXII. Mixed Moder. than to trouble their Memories by multiplying of complex Ideas with names to them, which they Jhall feldom or never have any occalion to make ufe of. ~. 6. This gives us the Reafon h01v it comes to pajs, that there are in t!Vtr] Language. words which cannot be rendred by a11y words of anot/;er. For the feveral Fa!h10ns, Cufioms, and Manners of one Nation, making feveral Combmat1ons of Ideas familiar and necelfary in one, which another People had never any occalion to make, or, perhaps, fo much as take nonce of, Names come of courfe to be annexed to tllem, to avoid long Periphrafes in things of daily Converf.1tion; and fo they become fo many di~ fiinctcomplex Ideas in their Minds. Thus o>eg."-',u.o> amongll the Greeks, and Prq{cr~pto amongfi the Romans, fiood for complex Ideas, which were nqt 10 the Mmds of other People, nor had therefore any names jn other Languages that anfwered them. Where there was no fuch Cullom there was no notion of any fuch Actions, po ufe offuch Combinations of Ideas as were united,and, as it were, tied tqgethcrby thofe terms; and therefore in other Countries there were no names for them. ~. 7· Hence alfo we may fee the Reafon, i*l')' LangNages confta•tly chant,e, .t~ke up new, and jay by old terms. Becaufe change of Cufioms and Opm10ns bnngmg With them pew Combinations of It/ear which it is necelfary frequently to think on, and talk about, new nam~ to avoid long defcriptions are annexed to them ; and fo they become new Species of complex Modes. What a number of different Ideas are by this means wrapped up m one fhort found, and how much of our Time and Breath is thereby faved, any one will fee, who will but take the pains to enu· merate all the Ideas, that either Reprieve or Appeal fiand for ; ~nd in· fread of e1ther of thofe Names, ufe a Periphrafis to make any one under! land their meaning. . §. 8. Though I fl1all have occafi?n to confider this more at large,when I come to treat of Words, and their Ufe; yet I caul<;! not avoid to take thus much notice here o~ the names of mixed Modes, which being Qeetmg, and tranfient Combmanons of f1mple Ideas, which have but a Jlmrt exifience any where, but in the Minds of Men; and there too have no longer any exifience, than whilfi they are thought on, bave not fo mucb any wbere tbe appearance of a cOHj}ant and lafti•g e:xiJ/en<e ~' in their Names; which are therefore,in thefe fort of Ideas, very apt t~ be taken for the Ideas themfelves. For if we Jlmuld enquire where the Idea of~ Triqmph, or Apetheofis exifis, it is evident,they could nejtlwr of them exill a!• t,ogether a~y where in the things themfelves, . being Actions that required t1metothe1r perfor~ance, and Jo could never all exifi together: And as to the Minds of Men, where the Ideas ofthefe Actions are fuppofed to be lodged, they have there too a very uncertain exifie11ce 1 and 1he~fore \"e are apt to annex them to the Names that excite them in us. - . §.9. There are therefore three •.ays wberel>;•~>e ~n tbefe complex !dens of m1xed lf!odes.t.By Expenenceand 0/Jfervationofthm~ themfelves. Thus by feeing two Men wrafile, or fence, we get the !tlea of wra(\ling or li;ncmg 2. By lm•ention, or voluntary putting together of feveral fimple /dear tn our own Minds: So he that firfi invented Printing, or Etching,had an Idea of it in his Mind, before it ever exified. 3· Which is the mofi utual wo.y, by expi.:Jini11J!. tbe 11.1mes of Actions we never faw, or Notions we cannot fe~; and by enumerating, and thereby, as it were, fetting before our Imaginations all thofe Ideas which go to the making them up, and are the confiituent parts of them. For having by Sexjaflon und Re• fietlio• fiored our Minds with limple Ideas, and by ufe got the Names, that |
