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Show Names of SubftanctJ. Book III. ~. 34. from what bas been faid, 'tis evident, t~at Men mal·e forts of 7'hin s. For it being differen~ Elfences alone, that make dlf!Crent Spc· eies ~tis plain that they who make thofe abllratl: Ideas, wh1ch are the oon:inal E(fe,;ces, do thereliy make the S~ies, or Sort. Should there be a Body rouod, having all the other ~a!ttiCS of Gold? except Mallcablcnefs, twould, no doubt, be made~ que!bon, whether tt .were Gold, or no; whether it were of that Spectes. ~Ius could be derermmed only by that abftratt Idea, to which every one annexed the name Gold : fo that it would be true Gold to him, and beloog to _rhat Spec1es, who mclud.ed not Malleablenefs in his nominal Elfence,figm~ed by the fou.nd Gold ; and on the other fide, it would not be true Gold, oro~thatSper.tes to lum,who included Malle:iblenefs in his fpecifick Idea. And who, I pray, IS It, that makes rhefe divers Species, even under one and the fame name, bur Men that make two different abflratl:Ideas, confiflmg not exactly of the fame collection of~aliries 1 Nor is it a mer.e Sup.J:ofiti~n ~o imagine, that a Body may exift, wherein the ?t~er obv~ous l..l_ualm~ of Gold may be Without Malleablenefs; Iince tt ts certam, that Gold 1t felf Will be fametimes fo eager, (as Artifts call it,) that it will as little endure the Ham. mer as Glafs it felf. What we 1L1Ve fa1d, of the puttmg to, or leavmg out ~f Malleablenefs out of the complex Idea, the name Gold is, by any one, annexed to, may be faid of irs peculiar Weight, Fixednefs, and fe'"'• 1 other the like ~alities: For whatever is left out, or put in, 'tis fiill the complex Idea, to which that name is anoexed, that makes the Species: and as any particular parcel of Matter anfwers that Idea, fo the name of the Sort belongs truly to it; and it is of that Species. And thus any thing is true Gold. perfect Metal. All which determination of the SpecieJ, 'tis plain, depends on the UnderftandwgofMan, makmg tlusor that coml?lex li:lea. ~·35· This then, in fhort, is the cafe: Naturr. makes many particular Thiwgs JVhicb do agree, one With another, lfl many fenfible QJ!a!ttJcs, ond pr~bably too, m their internal frame and eonftiturion: But 'tis not this real Effence, that diftinguithes them into Spedes; 'tis A4e~J, who, tllking occahQn from the Qlialities they find united in them, and where· in they>obferve often, feveral individu~ls w agree, range tbem i11to Som, i• order to their nami•f!., for the convemcnce of comprehenfivc frgns; under which particular, Individuals, according to their conformity to this or that abftraB: Idea, come w be ranked, as under Enfigns: fo that this is of the Blew, that the Red Regiment; this is a Man, that a Drdl: And in this, I thiol<, confifls the whole bufinefs of Ge•z11 and Species. ~. j6. I do not deny, but Nature, in the conflant produ tlion of par· ticular Ileings, makes them not always new and various, but very mucl1 alike and ol kio one to another: But I think it is neverthele!5 true, that tb. Bo•ndaries of the Species, JVhereby Men fort them, are made by Men; lioce the Elfences of the Species, diftinguithed lil¥ different names, arc, as has been proved, of Man's making, and feldom adequate to the internal Nature of the Things they are taken from. So that we may truly fay, fucl1 a manner offortingofThings, is the Workmanthip of Men. ~. l7· One thing, I doubt not, but will feem very ftrange in this Do· drinl:; which is, that, from what has been faid, it will follow, that rac!J nbflr::~tlldea, with 11 name to it, makes a diffin[f Species. But who can help it, if Truth will have it fo! For fo it muft remain, till fome body can thew us the Species of Things, limittcd and diftinguiil1ed by fame· thing elfe ; and let us fee, that general terms iignifie not our abflratt JJr.s, but fgrnething different from them. I would fain know, why a Shock, Chap. VI. Names of Subflances. Shock and a Hound, are not as diflind Species, as a Spaniel, and an Elephant: We have no other Idea of the diff~rent E!Tcnce of an Elephant, and a Spaniel, than we have of the dtfferorln Elfence of a Shock and a<11 Hound ; all the e!Tential difference, whereby we know and diftinguif11 them one from another, confiflmg only m the d1flerent Collechon of {1mple Uear, to which we have given thofe dilfererit names. ~· 1s. How much tbe making of Species and Genera IJ rn order to getterfl Names, and how much general Name$ are neceffi.ry, if not to the Being, yet at lcaft to the Completmg of a Sp~c1es, and makmg it pafs lor fuch will appear, be fides what has been face!, above, concern1ng Ice and Wa'tcr, in a very lamilianx•mple. A iilent, and a f\riking Watch, are but one lipccies, to thofc who have but one name for them : but 1\e that has the name Watcb for one, and Clock for the. other, and diftinll; complex Ideas, to which .thofe N~mes belong,. to h1m they are different Species. But it .wdl be fa11;ll the ·~ward comnvance an~ conllitUtiOn, 1s dilfcrent between thcfe two, wluch the Watch-mal<er has a clear IPea of: And yet 'tis plain, they are but one Species to lum, when he has tut one nam~ for them. For what is ful!icient in the inward Contri· vance to make a new Species? There are fome Watqhes1 that aril lnade with four Wheels, others with five : Is this a fpecifick di!Terence to the Workman 1 Some have Strings and Phyfies, ami others rtone; fornehave the Balance loofe, and others regulated by a fpiral Spring, an~ othe_rs by Hogs Briftles: Are any,orall ofthefe; enough to make a fpec1fick dtf. ference to the Workman: that knows each of thefe, anti feveral other different Contrivances, in the internal Conftitutions of Watches? 'Tis certain each · of thefe hath a real difference from tbe rell ; but whether it be a~ elfencial, a fpecifick difference! or; no, relates only to the com• plex Idea, to which the name Watch IS g1ve~: as long as they all agz::~ in the Idea that belongs to that name, which bas no Species uncle; ~r, they are not e!Tentially nor fpecifically different. But 1f. any o~e Wtll mal<e minuter Divifions from Dtlferences, that he knows m the •pternal frame of Watches ; and to fuch precilc complex Ideas, g1v~ names, that !hall prevail: they ;will then be new Species to th~m, who hav~ th<:>fe. Ideas, with names to them; and can, by tho(e dJflerences, d1ftmglllfh Watches into thefe fcveral forts, and then Watches Will be a genencal name. But yet they would be no difllncrSpecies to Men ignorant of Clock·work a11d the inward Contrivances of Watches ; who had nd other Idea but the outward lhape and bulk, with the marking of the Hours by ;he Hand: For to them, all thofe other Names would be bur fyncnym ous Terms for the fame Ided, and fig~ilie no more,. nor no o,tl)er thing but a Watch. Jufl thus, I thmk~ 1t 1~ ~n natural 'Thmgs .. No bo·. dy will doubt, that the Wheels, or Spnngs (•I I may fo fay) Wlthtn, ~re different in a rational JJtan, and a Cban7,di#g, no m01·ethan thatthere1sa difference in the frame between a Drill, and a Chanf!.d"'f!.· But whether one, or both thefe differences be effential, or fptcifical, is only to be known to us, by their agreement, or difagrecment With the romplex Id<a that the name Man ftands for: For by that alone can It be deter· mined, whether one, or both, or neither of thofe-be a Man, or no. . 9. 39· From what has been before faid, we may fee the reafon, wby, m the Species of artificial Tbingr, tbere is ff."':rally .lefs confujon and uncutainty, than in natural. Eecaufe an art1fictal Thtng betng a productiOn of Man, which the Artificer defign'd, and therefore well knows the Idea of, the name of it is fuppofed to ftand for no other Idea, nor to Import any other E!Tcnce than what is certainlv to be known, and eafic enough , - to |