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Show 1883.] ' L I G H T N I N G ' A N D ' P O R C U P I N E ' EXPEDITIONS. 113 couver I., N. Japan, White Sea, Azores, Algiers (J. TV. Flower), Minorca (Cardona fide Hidalgo), Naples (Scacchi), Adriatic, and Black Sea; littoral. A dead specimen was dredged by Prof. G. O. Sars among tbe Loffoden Isles in 200-300 fathoms, and other dead specimens have been dredged elsewhere at considerable depths; but all of them were probably transported by tidal or marine currents. Fossil. Pliocene: Norwich Crag. Post-tertiary: Scandinavia, British Isles, and Canada; 0-1360 ft. Turbo saxatilis of Olivi, 1792. This name has certainly precedence of rudis by five years; but the latter name was adopted by Lamarck and has been in general use and acceptation for nearly a century. I think therefore that it will not be expedient now to make the change. Among the synonyms of this variable species may be mentioned T.jugosus and T. tenebrosus of Montagu, T. obligatus and T. vestitus of Say, possibly T. purpureus of Bisso, L. grcenlandica of Bolten, and other synonvms of Fabricius, Gould, Philippi, Middendorff, Pfeiffer, Brown, Johnston, Menke, Bean, Adams, and Reeve. The oldest name by far is that of Lister (Nerita reticulatus &c.); but it is not quite binomial. 3. LITTORINA LITOREA, Linne. Turbo littoreus, L. S. N. p. 1232. L. litorea, B. C. iii. p. 368, pi. viii. f. 3 ; v. p. 206, pi. Ixv. f. 4. ' Porcupine' Exp. 1869 : St. Donegal B. Bistribution. White Sea, Faroes and Nordland to Lisbon, eastern coasts of N. America from Newfoundland to New England, many places in the Mediterranean and Adriatic but requiring identification ; sublittoral. As this common species, called in England the 'periwinkle,' is a favourite delicacy of sailors, the occasional occurrence of its shell in foreign parts may possibly be thus accounted for. Fossil. Pliocene: Red and Norwich Crag. Post-tertiary: Scandinavia, British Isles, and S.W. France ; 0-1360 ft. There are a few antiquated and obsolete synonyms, including Turbo ustulatus of Lamarck. L. squalida of Broderip and Sowerby from the arctic ocean, and L. grandis of Middendorff from the Sea of Okhotsk appear to be varieties ; and L. mandschurica of von Schrenck is a dwarf and eroded form, like that from Southend which I noticed in vol. iii. p. 373 of 'British Conchology.' Genus I'PHITUS1, Jeffreys. S H E L L conical, covered with spiral rows of tubercles ; the apex consists of a cylindrical process of several whorls, which is closely striated lengthwise; operculum horny, paucispiral with a lateral nucleus. The unique and remarkable little shell which I am about to describe somewhat resembles in shape and sculpture a fossil of the Zanclean or Lower Pliocene formation at Messina which Professor Seguenza kindly sent me under the manuscript name of Gemmula asperata. But Gemmula of that author is a subgenus of Trochus, 1 One of the Argonauts. |