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Show VE Capacity of the Retort, fo that it then took up a doubie Space, and in a white and almoft melting Heat, the Air took up a triple Space, or fomething more, for which Reafon the leat Retorts are beft for thefe Experiments. ‘The Expanfion of the diftilling Bodies was fometimes very little, and iometimes many times VE VE would fall from z to yy and the empty Space zy, was equal to the Bulk ofthe Quartity of Air generated: But if the face of the Water, would afcerd from z to u, and the Space zm, which was filled with greater than that of the Air in the Retort, Water, was equal to the Bulk of Air which according to their different Natures. was abforbed by the Ingredients, or by the When the Matter was fufficiently diftilled, Fume arifing from them: When the Quantithe Retort, &e. was gradually remov’d from ties of Aither, either generated or abforbed, the Fire, and when cool enough, was carried were very great, then I made ule of large into another Room, where there was noFire. Chymical Receivers, inftead of the Glafs ay; Whenall was thoroughly cold, either the fol- but if thefe Quantities were very finall, then, lowing Day, or fometimes three or four Days inftead of the Bolt-head, I ufed a deep cylinafter, | mark’d the Surface of the Water y, drica] Glafs, or a common BeerGlaf inverted, where it then ftood; if the Surface of the and placed underit a Phial or Jelly Glafs,takWater was below z, then the empty Space ing Care that the Water did not come at the between y and z, fhew’d how much Air was Ingredients in them; which was eafily pregenerated, or raisd froma fix’d to an elaftick vented, by drawing the Water up under the State, by the Action of the Fire in Diftila- inverted Glafs, to what Height I pleas'd, by lation: But if y, the Surface of the Water, Meansof a Syphon. was above 2, the Space between z and y, I meafured the Bulk of the Spaces z 9, which was fill’d with Warer, thew’d the or Z #, by pouring in a known Quantity Quantity of Air which had been abforbed of Water, as in the foregoing Experiment, in the Operation, 7. e. was chang d from a repel- and making an Allowance ior the Bulk ling, elaftick, toa fixed State, by the {trong of the Neck of the Bolt-head within the Attraction of other Particles, which I there- Space z y. fore call ab/orbing. By theieé Experiments that the ingenious When I would meafure the Quantity of Author made upon feveral Subftances, it this newgenerated Air, I feparated the Bolt- appeared, that fome by Diftillation, and head from the Retort ; and putting a Cork fome by Fermentation, would generate Air, into the fmall End of the Bolt-head, 1 in- others would abforb it; and fome again verted it, and poured in Water to z: Then would abiorb Air at one tine, and genefrom another Veffel (in which I had a known rate it at another ; and oftentimes, that more Quantity of Water by Weight) I poured in Air was generated by Fermentation than Water to 9; fo the Quantity of Water which by Fire. I have made a Table, the betwas wanting, upon weighing this Veffel again, ter to demonftrate what the Effects were, was equal to the Bulk of the new generated which I hall infert in the fucceeding Page, Air. 1 chofe to meafure the Quantities of that the Reader may have it before him Air, and the Matter from whence it arofe, by at one View. one common Meafure of Cubick Inches, eftiDr. Defaguliers adds, That as f{everalPetmated from the fpecifick Gravities of the fevefous may be willing to try a great many ral Subftances, that thereby the Proportion of of Mr. Hales’s Experiments, he thought it oe to the other might be the more readily een. proper to mention here, that the Experi- on Subftances that generate Air, I made Ufe of the following Means to mea- ments made with a Glafs Retort, are difficult and fure the great Quantities of Air, which were either rais'd and generated, or abforbed by the Fermentation arifing from the Mixture of Varietyof folid and fluid Subftances, whereby I could eafilyeftimate the furprifing Effects of Fermentation on the Air, viz. I put into the Bolt-head b (Fig. 5.) the Ingredients, and then run the long Neck of the Bolt-head into the deep cylindrical Glafs a , and inclined the inverted Glais a y; when it was almoft up to a, the Top ofthe Bolt-head, I then immers’d the Bottom ofthe Bolt-head, and lower Part y of the cylindrical Glafs under Water,raifing at the fame Time the End a uppermoft. Then before I took them out ofthe Water, I fet the Bolt-head, and lower Part of the cylindrical Glafs a y, into the earthen Veffel x x, full of Water, ; and having lifted all out of the great Veffel of Water, I marked the Surface z of the Water in the Glaf a y. If the Ingredients in the Bolt-head, upon Saas, gencrated Air, then the Water The faid 'T ABLE is as follows: Ingre- dients, upon Fermentation, did abforb or fix the active Particles of Air, then the Sur- tedious; but a Musket Barrel with the Touch-hole welded up, and then turned into a Semicircle, makes a very commodious Iron Retort, whofe clofe End being put into the Fire of a Smith’s Forge, will be fo heated, with a little blowing, as to get the Air out of any Subftance in a very little Time ; having firft twifted on up- on the open End of the Barrel, one End of a leaden Syphon ( which will be very tight, with only a little Sheep’s Leather between) whilft the other End ofthe Sy- phon goes up little Way into an inverted Chymical Receiver, fill’¢ with Water. ; As the Air gets out of the Subftances 4 ftill’d, it comes bubbling up through the Wa ter, whichit depreffes by its Bulk. N. B. Antimony and Sulphur muft not ve made Ufe of in this Barrel, becauf é demetallize the Iron; nor Lead, becaufe Sweat out through the Iron. VE Bodies which generated Air. Hoe’s Blood ‘Tallow Fallow Deer’s Horn Oyfter Shells A Piece of Oak Indian Wheat Peafe Muttard-feed Amber Tobacco Oil of Annifeed Oil of Olives Honey Neweafile Coal Wax Earth Salt Antimony Pyrites from Walton Heath Sea-fale Nitre Caleylus Humanus Vitriol Bones Red Lead Chalk Wheat and Barley Filings of Mercury with Oil of Vitriol and Water- Bodies which fometimes generated and fometimes abforb’d Air, Bodies which abforb Air. Salt of Sal Armoniac Gun-powder Phofphorus Acid Spirits Apples mafh’d Pilings of Steel and Aqua Lime Fortis Pulvis Aureus Brimftone Matches, burning A burning Candle Living Animals, e. g. a Cat Sal Armoniac mix’d with Oil of Vitriol Spirit of Turpentine mix’d Human Lungsin breathing Vinegar poured on Oyfter Shells Scurvy-grafs Leaves with Oil of Vitriol Filings of Iron with Spirit of Nitre Filings of Iron with Spi-+ rits of Hartfhorn LemonJuice Ale Malaga Raifins. Filings of Iron with Spirit of Sal Armoniac N. B. When a lighted Candle is put into that Air which had been foul’d by a Candle burning, and going N.B. Moft of the above mentiond Subftances were in an abforbing State in cold Weather. out in it, tho it burn’d but a fifth Part of the Time that it bad done before, it abfor’d as much Air; which foews, that Air loaded with Vapours is more apt to lofe its Elafricity, than clear Air. It appeared by feveral Experiments, that the Air which was got out of the Subftances above-mentioned, was true permanent Air ; for it had, and after many Days, continued to have, both the Weight and Elafticity of com, of which a Cubit Inch weighs ; , and after it had been comprefs'd, iid expand againto its former Dimenft of that Air hada poifonous Quality; arrow dying affoon as it was put into the 4e of Oak, eleven Days after the faid \ir had been made. So Mr. Boyle found the \ir, drawn by the Air-pump, from Bread, »meotherSubftances, to have a poifonous erated by Indian Wheat, and by ft other Subftances, flafh’d when was apply’d to it t folid Parts of Animals or Vegerated the moift Air; 216 times its Bulk ; afe more tl + of their Weight, es their Bulk. But ofall Subftances, m the Bladder of a Man, ge; namely, a Quantity of Air Ik, and above half the Weight Ourindefatigable Philofopher, to judge the better of the Refule of thefe Experiments, contriv’d a Gage with a Tube feald at one End, and having the other (open End) immers‘d in Mercury cover’d with Honey, which in the Rife of Mercury in the Glafs, would leave a Mark, to fhew how far the Mercury had rifen. (See the Defcription and Draught of it in his Book, Page 205.) By the Force of comprefs'd Air, or of the Airthat is generated from feveral Subftances, whilft confin’d ; and propofes this Gage for meafuring the Depth of the Sea, which muft anfwer better than any Contrivance hitherto try’d. . From obferving that it wouldrequire a Force 48 times greater than that of the Atmo{phere, to comprefs the Air that comes out af an Apple into the fame Space again, (which, in an Apple of 16 {quare Inches Surface, is equal to 11776 Pounds) he concludes, that the greateft Part of the faid Air mutt be ina fix’d State, and preferv’d in that Statt by the Attraétion of the Particles of Air and Apple in their Cohefion ; otherwife Fruits andall other Subftances that contain much Air, would be torn to Pieces byits repellent Force, with a ereater Explofion than that of Gun-powder 5 and therefore that the Air, whenextricated, 9K does |