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Show VA Now this Property of Water, and othet Liquors, muft be entirely owing to the cenif orce of its Parts, and not its want uity; fince Salts may be imbib’d by Water without inereafing its Bulk, as appears VA common Ait $ for the fame Heat which fies the Air only 3, will rarefy Wate rarer ver near 14000 times, changing it into Steam or Vapour as it boils; and in Winter, that fmall Degree of Heat, which, in refpect to our Bo- dies appears cold, will raife a Steam or by the Increafe of its fpecifick Gravity. VaSo Metals, which (fingly) have a certain pour from Waterat the fame time that it con{pecifick Gravity, beyond which they cannot denfes Air. be condens’d, will yet receive each other in By a great many Obfervations made by ther Interftices, fo as to make a Compound Mr. Henry Beighton, F.R.S. and Dr. F. 7. {pecifically heavier than the moft ponderous of Défaguliers, vo raife Water by Fire; accord - them’; as is experienc’d in the Mixture of Copper and Tin. Scholium. By increafing the repellent Force of the Particles, an unelaftick or incompreffible Fluid, may become elaftick; or a folid (at leaft a great Part of it) may be changed into an elaftick Fluid; and vice versé, by diminifhing the repellent Force, an elaftick Fluid may be reduc’d to an unelaftick Fluid or to a Solid. ing to Mr. Newcomen’s Improvemen t ofit, they found that the Water, by boiling, was expanded 14000 times, to generate Steam as ftrong (i.e. aselaftick) as common Air, which therefore muft be near 16 + times {pecifically lighter. i And it is plain that this Steam is not made of the Air extricated out ofthe Water, be- caufe it is condenfed again into Water by a Jet of cold Water fpouting into it; and the That the Particles of Quickfilver, Water, little Quantity of Air that comes out ofthe and other Liquors, are likewife endued with injected Water muft be difcharg’d at every an attractive Force, is evident from thofe ne otherwife the Engine will not work Subftaaces running into Drops in an exhaufted well. Receiver, as well as in the Air, and likewife their adhering to other Bodies. The Attraction and Repulfion exert their Forces differently: The Attraction only aéts EXPERIMENT. Repulfion fo far, as to render that Fluid un- will generate permanent Air. That Heat will add Elatti ity to Fluids is evident, from numberlefs Experiments, efpecially from Diitilling and Chymiftry: Bur waat is needful to be confidered here, is only that it acts more powerfully on Water than the open Air, it floats, and rifes in it like Smoak. Now if the Particles of Water turn’d into Sieam or Vapour, repel each other ftrongly, aud repel Air more than they repel eachother, Aggregates of fuch Particles made up of Vapour and Vacuity, may rife in Air of difierent Denfities, according to their own Denfity dependant on their Degree of Heat, without having Recourfe to imaginary Bubbles, form’d ina manner only fuppos’d, and not prov’d; as has been already fhewn. i Indeed he owns, that if the watery Particles i Air from their Taterfiices 5 nor that fattion are alfo proportionable to the Heat, yet the fame Degree of Heat rarefies Vapour much more than Air. Now to fhew that what has been faidwill account for the Rife of Vapours and Formation of Clouds, we muft only confider, whether Crown being all under Water. that Degree of Heat whichis knownto rarefy Water 14000 times, being compared with feveral of thofe Degrees of Heat in Summer, Autumn and Winter, which are capable of raifing Exhalations from Water or Ice; the Rarety of the Vapours (being confidered the Degree of Heat) will appear to be fuch, | that the Vapour will rife high enough in Winter, and not too high in Summer, to agree with the known Phenomer That the sare adequate to the Caufes As the Water boils, the Bell will by Degrees be emptied ofits Water, being prefs’d in this Cafe, he thinks, may be made out in down bythe Steam whichrifes above the Water in the Bell; but as that Steam has the Heat of boiling Water, according to Newton’s Table (Philofoph. Tranfatt Appearance of Air, in order to know whether it be Air or not, take the Vefiel off the Fir and draw up the Bell by a String faftened to its Knob at Top; then as the Steam condenfes by the cold Air on the Outfide ofthe Bell, the Water will rife up into the Bell 2 F, quite to the Top, without any meek above The Heights above the Earth to which the Vapours will arife, and at which they will be in L£quilibrio, in an Air of the fame Denfity with themfelves, will vary according to the Rarety of the Vapour depending upon the Heat of the Seafon, For the Vapour whichis rais’d by the Winter’s Heat exprefs’d by the Number2. when the Ra- rety ofthe Air is 8e0, willrife to (andfettle at) an Height of about the fixth Part of a Mile, when the Barometer is above 30 Inches high. But if the Heat be greater, then the Vapours will rife higher, and pretty muchhigher if the Sun fhines, tho’ in frofty Weather, the Barometer then being veryhigh. the Heat be increas’d, the Vapour more rarefied, and confequently the newPlace of 2qui- Heat, as it happens in other Fluids: (See Phi- to boil. In this Veffel muft be fufpended the Glafs Bell E, made heavy enoughto fink in Water; but put in, in fuch a manner, that it be filled with Water when upright, without any Bubbles of Air at its Crown within, the One to the fore-mentioned four Numbers. Obfervations and Experiments, to leave any lofophical Tranfactions, Numb. 270.) And though the different Degrees of the dir’s Rare- ABCD reprefents a pretty large Vell The Denfity of Water, compar’d with the above-mentioned Denfities, ‘being inverfely as If the Barometer falls, and thereby brings the Place of Equilibrium (for Vapou is’d by the Heat 2) nearer the Earth, then alfo will may reafonal | Vapour proportionable to the Degree of its of Water, which muft be fet on the Fire 14000, 2058, ad no repellent Force, they muft precipitate in the fame mnnner that Duft will do after it has beenrais’d up: But there are too many each watery Particle; or by a farther Divifion of the Particles fiill lefs: But in the general, we umes take up more Roomthan it did in a folid or incompreffible Fluid. (See the Queries at the End of Sir I/aac Newton’s Opticks.) Thus is Water by boiling and lefs De Mr. Hales has fhewn); feveral folid Subftances, by Diftilling as well as Fermentation and the Air-Pump. We know by feveral Experiments made on the Fire-Engine, (in Captain Savory’s Way, where the Steam is made to prefs immediately on the Water) that Steam will drive away Air, and that in proportion to its Heat; tho’ in gree of Heat by an Increafe of repellent Force in are feparated from the Contaét, the Repulfion grows ftronger, and the Particles exert that Force at great Diftances, fo that the fathe Body fhall be expanded into a very large Space by becoming fluid, and may fome- Atmofpher The Rarety of Air is in Summer goo, in Spring or Autumn 850, and in Winter 800. thefe Molecula do vary in Proportion to the De- When by Heat or Fermentation (or an other Caufe, if there be any) the Particlés If Aquas be poured. on Quickfilver, a reddifh Fum Irife, muchli¢hter than common Air: So alfo will Fumes arife from Fileings of Metals, from Veg les, when they ferment by Putrefaétion s the Reverend the Water has beenfirft purged of Air by boyling, will exclude ofthat Repulfion that the Fluidis then incomprefiible. exhaufted Receiver, as the Matter of the Aurora Bore does in the thinner Part of our thefe 4 Degrees of Heat, is 1235, and 823. And that be cannot foew, by any Experiment, bow big the Molecule of Vapour mut be which elaitick, which otherwife would be fo; but it does not wholly deftroy the Repulfion of the Parts of the Fluid; becaufe it is on account The Rarety of Vapour proportionable to out the Water was not Air. N.B. This Experiment fucceeds beft when above-mentioned. very near it ; in which Cafe it overcomes the and fulphureous Steams will rife even in an above it, which fhews that the Steam that kept Doubt of the Exiftence of repellent Force upon the Particles which are in Contaét, or Heat, changed into an elaftick Vaz enoughto rife in Air, Oils and Quick ‘Diftillation, made torife in a very rare Medium; fuch as remains in the red-hot Retort VA ollowing Manner ; viz. mer 5, the mean Heat of Sprir 3, and the leaft Degree L i librium fafficiendly high. It is to be obferv’d that, in Winter, when the Heat is only equal to 2, the Airis dens’d c tothe Earth, which has not any Heat fufficient to rarefy it near the Ground, as happens in warm Weather ; therefore the Vapour will rile gradually in an Air whofe Denfity decreafes continually from the Earth upwards; ambient Air, the Air being then as cold next to the Ground, where the Vapour begins to rife, as it is at any Height {omthe Earth. \ The Vapour whichis rais’d by the Heat of the Spring or Autumn, exprefs’d by Number3, will rife to the Height of 3 + Miles when the Barometer is at 30, and the Air’s Rarety is 850. But then as the Air is hotter near the Groundthan at the Height of half a Mile or a Mile, the Vapour will condenfe as it rifles 5 and as the Air, when the Earth is heated, is rather near the Ground than at fome Height from ic, the Place for Equilibrium will, upon thefe two t much lowerthan othe: ; for Example, To the 1 will agree with (whofe Place of 4%q Miles high, if the rife, was not cond Air was dens’dclofe Au of Heat at which Va as the mean Heat of neither will the Vapour be hinder’dof its full Rife by any Condenfation from a greater Cold of the 1, in a fimall meafure, tot minifh’d Preffure of the circun when it is not confin’d ; |
