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Show $$$ D W DW keep it from clinging together, that it may be plete with crude rancid Vapours, which being, drawnin by the Fruit and Leaves, will render ftrew'd thin, being naturally very hot and its Juices crude and unwholfome as well as ftrong. Some recommend the Dung of Pigeons, and ill-rafted. alfo of other Fowls, as the beft Manure for Thefe Evils being intirely: remedied by as being good for {uch Trees whofe Leaves one has a Mind to have D f-Trees, notwith+ ftanding what has beenfaid, I fhall lay down Ajparagus, Strawberries, or any Sorts ofFlowers. training the Treesto an Efpaliers hath jullly however, if any Monfieur Gentil approves of Pigeon’s—Dung, gain’d them the Preferen are apt to turn yellow, if they growin free Soils that are rather cold than hot, provided the Heat of it has been abated bylying two or three Years in the Dunghil. This being fpread about an Inchthick at the Foot ofa Tree, whofe Leaves are yellow, and being left there till March, he recommends as very ufeful in cold and moift Soils. The Dung of Poultry being hot and full of Salts, tends muchto facilitate Vegetation, and are abundantly quicker in their Operation than the Dung of Animals which feed on Herbs. Sir Hugh Plat fays, One Load of Grain will inrich Ground more than ten Loads of common Dung 3 which, if it be true, it is rational to fuppole, that if fimple Grain by only Infufion in the Mixture of Compofts, has a very good Effed, it will be more powerful when it has pafs’d thro’ the Bodies of Animals. Human Dung is a great Improver of all cold four Lands, and efpecially if it be mix’d with other Earths or Dungs to give it a Fermentation. a few Rules for their Management. If you defign to have Dwarf Pear es, YOU fhould bud or graft them on Quince-Stocks; for Free Stocks are apt to make them fhoot fo vigoroufly, as not to be kept within Bounds: Thefe Grafts or Buds fhould be put in about four or fix Inches above the Surface ofthe Ground, that the Heads of the Trees may not be advanc’d too high; and when the Budor Graft has fhot out four Eyes, you fhould ftop the Shoot, to force out lateral Branches. ] Two Years after Budding thefe Trees will be fit to tranfplant where theyare to remain 5 for tho’ many People chufe to plant Trees of a greater Age, yet they feldom fucceed {o well as young ones. The Diftance thefe Trees fhould be planted is twenty Foot fquare, for lefs will not do, if the Trees thrive well: The Ground between them maybe cultivated for Kitchen-Garden Herbs, while the Trees are young, but you fhould not fow or plant too near their Roots. In order to train your Trees regularly, you But there is not any Sort of Manure equal fhould drive Stakes into the Ground round the born clayey Soils, the Parts of which will be better feparated, and ina muchlefs Time with Tree, to which the Branches fhouldbe nail’d down with Lift in an horizontal Pofition ; for if they are fuffer’d to take a perpendicular Fi- this Manure than any other Compoft whate- gure while young, they can’t be afterwards to the Cleanfing of Londox Streets for all ftub- ver, and where it canbe obtain’d, is extreamly well worth procuring either for Corn, Grafs, or Garden-Land. reduc’d without great Violence to any tolerable Figure. The neceflary Directions to be afterwards follow’d are, not to fuffer any Branches to crofs each other; and always in DWARE-TREES. Thefe were formerly fhortning any, befure to leave the uppetin muchgreater Requeft than they are at pre- moft outwards, wherebythe Hollownefs in the fent, for though they may have many Advan- Middle ofthe Tree willbe better preferv'd, and tages to recommend them, yet the Difadvan~ be careful to rub off all perpendicular Shoots tages attending them do greatly overbalance; inthe Middle of the Trees, fo {oonas theyare and fince the introducing of E/paliers into the Exglijh Gardens, Dwarf-Trees have been deftroy'd in moft good Gardens, for the following Reafons. ft, The Figure of a Dwarf-Tree is very often fo muchftudied, that in order to render the Shape beautiful, little Care is taken to procure Fruit, which is the principal Defign in planting thefe Trees. 2dly, The Branches being fpread horizontally near the Surface of the Ground, renders it very difficult to dig, or clean the Ground between them. f produc’d. The other neceflary Rules you'll find under the Article of Pruning. i The Sorts of Pears which do belt in Dwarfis are all Summer and Autumn Fruits ; for Winter Pears are not worth planting in Dwarfs, fot they feldom bear well, nor are ever well-talted, and commonly are very ftony. Apples are alfo planted in Dwarfs, moft of which are now budded o¢ grafted on Pari Stocks; but as thefe are for the moft part 0 a fhort Duration, fo they are not profitable and are fit only for {mall Gardens, asa Matter of Curiofity, producing Fruit fooner and in 3dly, Their taking up too much Room in a Garden, (efpecially when they are grownto a greater Plenty, than whenthey are upon Crab or Apple Stocks. confiderable Size) for nothing can ‘be fown or __ The Diftance thefe Trees fhould be planted, planted between them, fhould be fix Feets but 4thly, Thefe Trees (preading their Branches if on Paradife Stocks, if on Crab Stocks, fixteen Feet afunder each near the Ground, do continually thade the SurWay. The Management ofthis being the face of the Earth, fo thar neither the Sun nor fame with Pears, I need not repeat it, a pve freely round their Roots and a odiffipate noxious Vapours, whereby SomePerfons alfo plant Apricocks and Plumis the circumambient Air will be continually re~ for Dwarfs, but thele feldom facceed well, 4s being of a tender Conftitution; and es which } Mt i iy | FAS EPA much whichwill produce Fruit on Dwarfs, are andInterftices being hereby maintain’d or pre= ferv’d, fomething analagous to Veflels is ¢ffeéted ; by which the Juices of the Earth may be convey’d, prepard, digefted, circulated, will make a better Figure. Roots ofPlants. The Earth is made up of two Parts: E/pamore likely to do fo when train’d on an ’d, lier, where they can be much better manag Meand therefore I judge it much the better thod, as being more certain, and the Trees and at length excern’d and thrown off in the The firft the containing Part, 7. ¢. the Body, Bed or Couch; the fecond Part contained, and thofe arethe nitrous or fulphureous Particles or pro magoanonaganaanoaane lifick Salts. The firft is a lifelefs inanimate Mafs,. and is only the Receptacle of the other: For the Earth confider’d fimply, and abftraGed from the before mention’d xitrous and prolifick Salts, is a lifelefs, dead andinaniEA mate Ma(s; but by the Co-operation of Water, Sun and Air, is put into Motion, ARTH is the principal Matter whereof and promotes the Work of Vegetation: our Globe confifts; the Charaéter of if it were ftript of thofe prolifick Sales But which, according to Dr. Boerhaave, is, That and fpirituous Particles, would produce no it is a Fofil Body, neither diffoluble by Fire, Water, nor Air; that it infipid, and tranfpavent ; more fufible than Stone ; ftill friable, and containing ufuahy a Share of Fatnefs. There is no {uch thing as a ftri&tly fimple Earth; Mr. Boyle fays, That it does not appear, that Nature any more than Art affords an elementary Earth; at leaft, fome which appear of the fimpleft Sorts are found, upon Examination, to have Qualities not afcrib'd to pure Earth. Of fach Earths, fome are fimple, and im- mutable, as Chalk, Pumice, and rotten Stone ; others compound and fatty; of which kind are all Boles, red, white and brown ; Fullers Earth ; and divers Kinds of Medicinal Earths, as the Cretica, Hungarica, Lemnian Earth, and others. Which Earths are all refolvable into Oil, a little acid Salt, @c. and a Calx, which is the Bafis, or the Earth properly fo call’d. Sand is by Naturalifts generally rank’d as a Species of Earth, tho’ not very properly. In that Sands, {trily {peaking, are a Sort of Cryftals, or little tranfparent Pebbles, and are calcinable, and by the Additionof a fix’d Alcaline Salt, fufible and convertible into Glafs. The fat Earth is render’d fertile by the Means ofSand, and becomes fit to feed and nourifh Vegetables, c. for pure Earthis lia- ble to coalefce into a hard coherent Mafs, as in Clay ; and Earth thus imbodied, and as it were glu’d together, would be very unfit for the Nourifhment of Plants. But if hard Said, i.e. Cryftals, which are indiffoluble in Water, and ftill retain the fame Figure, be intermix’d with fuch Earth, they will keep the Pores ofthe Earth open, and the Earthit feif loofe and incompa@, and by that means give Room for the Juices to move, afcend, %c. and for Plants to be nourifh’d thereby. Thus a Vegetable being planted either in the Sand alone, or in the fat Glebe and Earth alone, receives no Growthor Increment, but is cither ftarv’d or fuffocated ; but mix the two, and the Mafs becomes fertile. In effec, by means of Sand the Earth is render’d, in fome meafure, Organical, Pores manner of Plant, Herb, @c. that fhould be planted or fownin it. Thefe nitrous Particles or prolifick Salts, are of various and different Qualities, and accord- ing as the Earth is more or lefs ftor’d with all or fome of them, it is more or lefs pro- du@ive; and according as it abounds with fome of them more thanothers, differing from one another in Contexture, it conftitutes the different Species or Kinds ofSoils adapted to the Propagation ofdifferent Plants, the Pores of whofe Roots are form’d to receive, and whole Nature is to atcra& thofe Salts that are congenial to them. Some diftinguith Earths into three Clafles, Sand, Loam, and Clay; as thofe upon one or other of whichall others do in fome refpe&s depend. Gravel, and all the open Soils, till the Loam is come at, are ofthe fandykind. Thofe binding Earths from the Loam down- wards, till the Stiffnefs of Chalk may become at, may be reckon’d ofthe Clay kind. All thefe Sorts of Earths have a little Tendency to Vegetation, and have their Salts proper for it, but in a different Proportion; asa Peck of Clay may probably have double the Quantity of Sa/ts in it that a Peck of Loam has; and a Peck of Loam may have twice the Quantity of Salts that a Peck of Sand has. Loam. Some call the fuperficial Earth that we meet with in England by this Name, with- out having Regard to what Proportions of Sand and Clay it contains: Others againcall that Earth Loam that inclines more to Clay than Sand: Some by Loam meanthat Sort of Earth that equally partakes of Sand and Clay, being a Medium between Sand and Clay, which they call Mother-Earth. This Mother-Earth, they fay, may be in Colour either black or yellow and of which of thefe Colours foever it be, Plants ofall Sorts will grow in it. Sandand Clay likewife produce certain Piants which are natural to each of them, and confe= quently will thrive better in them than in any other Soil. But Sand is apt to ptecipitate thofe Plants that are fet in it, earlier than Clay, and will |