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Show 514 DR. H. VON IHERTNG ON THE [Apr. 18, Hemitricms, Heliobletus, Batara, Phibalura, Stephanophorus, Hypophcea, Orthogonys, Leucochloris, and Triclaria; and (b) Cni-polegus, Cybemetes, Alectrurus, Cyanotis, Phlceocryptes, Anumbius, and Coryphospiza. The first group includes what are essentially South Brazilian genera; the second those of Argentina, which, advancing north, enter Southern Brazil. Many of the Argentine species occur in Sao Paulo at Harare and Bio Verde only, on tbe boundary of the State of Parana. To these it will be convenient to add some other species not yet observed in Sao Paulo, such as TaniopAera dominicana Vieill., Piprites pileatus (Temm.), Leptasthenura striolata Pelz., Siptornis ruticilla (Licht.), Phacellodomus striaticollis (Lafr. & d'Orb.), and Clibanornis dendrocolaptoides (Pelz.). It is a fact of zoo-geographical interest, that tbe boundary between Sao Paulo and Parana corresponds to a faunistic line which is not transgressed by many birds characteristic of the Argentine Pampas. Of special interest is the occurrence of Cyanotis azarce and Phlceocryptes melanops-typical Patagonian birds which are likewise found in Chili, Bio Grande do Sul, and Bolivia. W e have received from Iguape not only these birds but also their nests. These two birds accompany each other and occur in reedy swamps. It may be that they are resident at Iguape only in the summer ; but it is also possible that they have been resident there since the time when the coast extended more to the east, and lowlands with marshes and lagoons occupied that part of the ocean which connects Bio Grande with Iguape. W e have many singular facts which tend to this conclusion. Azara labiata and Paludestrina are brackish-water species of mollusks, common from Iguape to Buenos Ayres; and again, Chilinafiuminea and Glabaris exotica, of the fresh-waters of Iguape, are species characteristic of Bio Grande do Sul and Argentina, which are not found at all in the central and northern parts of tbe State of Sao Paulo (see m y papers on the Geographical Distribution of the Freshwater Fauna of Southern Brazil). I cannot accept the explanations given by Dr. Ortmann, who says that the Potamoniidce do not coexist with the Parastacidce because of the effects of the struggle for life. In Bio Grande do Sul they do coexist, and I have obsen ed that they cannot enter in competition, since they are quite different in their mode of life. The only satisfactory explanation is that based upon terrestrial modifications, as suggested above; and it seems to me that Cyanotis and Phlceocryptes, bad fliers as they are, must be considered, from the same point of view, as being relicts. Cygnus melanocoryphus sometimes appears on the coast near Iguape. A curious fact is tbe appearance of a Penguin, Spheniscvs magellanicus, on the coasts of Parana and Sao Paulo. I am informed that last winter, during July and August 1898, thousands of dead Penguins were observed there. W e have received |
