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Show 1899.] ORNIS OF SAO PAULO. 511 the whole of Brazd. On the contrary, in the orders Steganopodes and Limicolce, all the species enumerated are of very wide distribution, there being very few of tbe occurrence of which, in Sta. Catbarina and Bio Graude do Sul, I am uncertain, namely Anhinga anhinga, Tringoides macularius, and Hoploxypterus cay anus. The proportion of widely distributed species of birds which occur in Sao Paulo may be readily seen from the following estimated percentage :-Pici, 0 per cent.; Clamatores, 15 per cent.; Psittaci, 20 per cent.; Oscines, 24 per cent.; Accipitres, 63 per cent.; Striges, 80 per cent.; Steganopodes and Limicolce, 100 per cent. It is quite evident therefore that, for the discussion of geographical distribution, tbe value of the different orders is quite unequal, and that most of them have little, if any, importance as regards our knowledge of the Zoo-geographical Provinces of Brazil. The difficulty of the study of the different zoo-geographical zones which are distinguishable in the State of Sao Paulo, is due to the fact that we have not only to separate northern and southern elements, but also western, which represent the fauna of Goyaz and Minas advancing beyond its borders. Pelzeln first noted this fact, but his demarcating lines are merely imaginary and without sufficient foundation. The number of species belonging to this Central Fauna in Sao Paulo is estimated by m e as about seventy. I may mention as some of its characteristic species:-Rhamphoccelus jacapa, Tachyphonus melaleucus, Lcterus pyrrhopterus, Nemosia pileata and N. guira, Brotogerys chiriri, Thalurania eriphile, Stenopsis candicans, and Noihura media; and as typical genera, Polioptila, Agelceus, Lcterus, Tiaris, Tcenioptera, Muscipipra, Hapalocercus, Habrura, Piprites, Metopia, Casiornis, Geobates, Herpsilochmus, Lepidolarynx, Campylopterus, Eupetomena, Heliactin, Galbula, Brachygalba, and Taoniscus. I believe that we ought to add to this list the species of Corvidce, the genera Anadorhynchus and Ara, and some species of Chrysotis, such as C. cestiva. It seems that some of these western species are at the present time occupying parts of Sao Paulo, where they were not represented in the beginning of the present century ; as I shall point out in the case of Furnarius rufus. A great number of these species of the Central Fauna are birds of the campos ; but it would be quite wrong to suppose that this is a universal feature, as in Goyaz and Matto-Grosso, as also in Sao Paulo, the Central Fauna includes both campos and forest birds. The last-named birds follow the Biver Parana, and, in Sao Paulo, its confluents the rivers Tiete and Paranapanema. The avifauna at the mouth of the Tiete Biver, at Itapura, is that of Matto-Grosso and Goyaz ; and this fauna extends from Itapura to Avanhandava, at the mouth of the Bio Morto, and probably farther up. I have no personal experience of it, but I have received good information on the subject from intelligent Brazilian hunters. The occurrence of such notable forms as Ara chloroptera and |