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Show 1881.] OF AMURLAND, NORTH CHINA, AND JAPAN. 871 begins and another ends. Indeed, I think it very probable that they are all forms of one species from a broad point of view. In the Himalayas this is not so ; for out of hundreds of specimens which I have seen, I have found none which could not be easily distinguished ; and in Sikkim no less than four species-viz. P. parts, arcturus, ganeesa, and krishna-are all found together. In the south of China P. paris occurs, but, as far as I know, not within m y present limits. In Central China we find PAPILIO BIANOR, Cr. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 103. f. C (1779). I have seen specimens from N. China (? Shanghai, Fortune), Ningpo? {Pryer), and Mongolia? {Mus. Godman and Salvin). Both sexes are of a less brilliant green than the Japanese and Amur forms. The male is distinguished by a black velvety patch on the fore wing. Further north we have :- P. MAACKI, Men. Schrenk's Reise, p. 10, t. i., which occurs in the Bureija mountains {Radde), on the Ussuri (Maack), in Askold (Jankowsky), and in Central Japan (Fenton, Pryer). In Amurland it has a small and very different-looking seasonal form, P. raddei, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 3, t. i., which has been, I believe, proved by breeding to be the spring brood. From Newchwang, in N. China, I find a specimen in Pryer's coll. which is rather larger than the average of those from the Amur, and has the blackish band on the hind wing less distinct. In Japan it seems to vary little from the A m u r type ; but there are three other forms which may be varieties or species, namely:- P. DEHAANII, Feld. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. xiv. p. 323 (1864). P. alliacmon, De l'Orza (ex Boisd.), Lep. Jap. p. 9 (1869). This is common in Central Japan (Maries, Pryer), and occurs at Hakodadi ( Whitely). What is perhaps a dwarfed form, or seasonal variety of it is P. BIANOR, var. JAPONICA, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. ix. p. 50 (1866). P. japonica, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vii. p. 133, in which I can see no characters by which it can be certainly known. A new species lately described, or to be described, is P. TUTANUS, Fenton1. At first sight easily distinguished by the broad yellowish hand on underside of hind wing. This character, however, is variable, and in some specimens is almost absent, when the insect nearly resembles P. maacki. Specimens of P. maacki in Dr. Staudinger's collection have this band as strongly marked as in P. tutanus. The next group of Papilios is that represented in the south and centre of China by the Indian species 1 Vide anteii, p. 855. |