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Show 1878.] MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE LAR1N.E. 173 the two outer primaries; and their ground-colour is rather darker than in most examples of L. fuscus. In the colour of the mantle many specimens are quite as dark as L. fuscus, especially those from Southern California, one of which I should have referred to that species but for its long coarse foot ; for at that time I had only northern specimens of L. occidentalis available, and these are considerably lighter on the mantle and in general tint. Since then I have had the opportunity of inspecting more examples and of knowing the species better ; and it seems to me that its large deep bill will generally, and its large coarse foot, longer than the tarsus, will always, suffice to separate it from L. fuscus, which has a delicate foot, much shorter than the tarsus. As a rule L. occidentalis is a stouter bird; but some males of L. fuscus from the south of Europe run very long in the wing and as large in the bill, whilst on the other hand the Magdalena-Bay L. occidentalis is a female, and has an unusually slender bill. In one example I have found a tiny subapical spot on the second primary on one side, but not on the other; so that it is probably a mark of extreme age; but in fully adult L. fuscus this is common. Although I have laid stress upon the characters which distinguish this Gull from L. fuscus, yet it is rather more closely related to the Herring-Gull group, as shown by its generally larger size, stout bill, and large feet, which are flesh-coloured in this species, although, as in many other cases, they are sometimes rather yellow when dried. 11. LARUS FUSCUS, Linn. Larus fuscus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 (1766); Scop. Ann. i. Hist. Nat. p. 80 (1769); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 599 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 815(1790); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 496 (1815) ; Schl. M. Pays-Bas, Lari, p. 15 (1863) ; Finsch & Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 820(1870) ; Sharpe and Dresser, B. of Europe, pt. xvi. (February 1873). Larus flavipes, Meyer, Tasch. Vog. Deutschl. ii. p. 469, pl. front. (1810). Larus cinereus, Leach, Syst. Cat. M a m m . &c, Brit. Mus. p. 401 (1816). "Larus argentatus, Mont." Bewick, Brit. B. Supp. p. 39 (1821). Leucus fuscus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. pp. 86 and 196 (1829). Laroides melanotos, harengorum et fuscus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. pp. 747-749 (1831). Dominicanus fuscescens (Licht.) partim, Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 100. Lichtenstein's example from Arabia is this species; the other bearing this name is L. cachinnans (specimens examined, H. S.). Dominicanus fuscus (Linn.), Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 100; id. op. cit. 1855, p. 281, including his L. fuscescens of 1853. Clupeilarus fuscus, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 220 (1857). "Larus medius, Hempr. & Ehr." in Mus. Berol. "Gumfudde." An immature specimen of this species, H . S. Hab. The north of Europe, the Faroes, the Baltic, Russia as far east as Archangel, the British Islands, the French coast, and the |