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Show 164 MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE LARINEE. [Feb. 5, Larus torquatus et Larus gavia, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. pp. 328, 329 (1811). Gavia tridactylus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563. Hissa brunnichii, Stephens, ex Leach, in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 181, pl. 21 (1825), type of genus Rissa. Cheimonea tridactylus, Kaup, Nat. Syst. eur. Th. pp. 84, 196 (1829), type of genus Cheimonea. Laroides tridactylus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 754 (1831). Laroides rissa, id., op. cit. p. 755 (1831). Laroides minor, id., op. cit. p. 756 (1831). Rissa cinerea, Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 52 (1836). Rissa tridactyla, Macgill. Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 219 (1842) ; Hist. Brit. B. v. p. 515 ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 655 (1849); Bruch, J. f. Orn. p. 103 (1853) ; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 225 (1857). "Rissa brachyrhynchus (Gould)," Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 103, nee Gould. Rissa borealis et gregaria, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294. "Rissa niveus (Pall.)," Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1855, p. 285, nee Pallas. Rissa kotzebui, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 226 (1857). Larus (Rissa) tridactylus, Coues, B. N.W. A m . p. 644 (1874). Larus tridactylus, var. kotzebui (Bp.), ibid. p. 646 (1874). Hab. Arctic region, and along the sea-coasts of the subarctic region, down to about 40° N. lat., breeding perhaps even in the Canaries (Godman) ; in winter it is abundant about the Azores, Canaries, and opposite coast of Africa. In America it is found on both Atlantic and Pacific coasts, but does not seem to extend far down the latter, nor to Japan or China even in winter. In treating of the genus, I have already noticed that examples are occasionally found about Alaska and the Aleutian Islands with a minute but tolerably developed hind toe, and, at times, with a visible nail, a variation which is rare and not always equal in extent, even on both feet of the same individual. I have therefore treated var. kotzebui as a synonym, there being no other difference between this and the ordinary Kittiwake, and a gradation between them existing. 3. RISSA BREVIROSTRIS, Brandt. Larus brachyrhynchus, Gould, P.Z. S. 1843, p. 106; Zool. Voy. of "Sulphur," p. 50, pl. 34 (1844), nee Richardson (1831). "Bissa nivea (Pall.)," Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 655 (1849), nee Pallas; Lawr. B. N. A m . p. 855 ; Elliot, B. N. A m . pl. 54. "Rissa brevirostris, Brandt," Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1853, p. 103; id. 1855, p. 285; Dall and Bann. Tr. Chic. Ac. i. 1869, p. 305. "Gavina citrirostris, Schimper," Bruch, J. f. Orn. 1855, p. 284 (Kamtschatka). Bissa brachyrhyncha, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 226 (1857); Coues, P. Ac. N. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 306. Larus warnecki, Coinde, Rev. et M . Zool. 1860, p. 401 (Aleutian Islands). |