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Show 1905.] ANATOMY OF LIMICOLINE BIRDS. 165 proximal portion is well marked in Scolopax, Himantopus, Gallinago, Rhynchcea, Vanellus, Characlrius, Thinocorus, and Glareola, but it disappears before reaching the elbow. It is absent in Chionis. Ilio-tibialis internus sen sartorius.-This muscle is practically identical in all the birds on my list. It arises from the anterior edge and a narrow portion of the anterior dorsal extremity of the ilium, and has the usual insertion to the fasciae over the knee-capsule. In most cases, it shows little sign of fusion with the anterior edge of the ilio-tibialis. Ilio-tibialis.-In all these birds this muscle is large, the post-acetabular portion having a strong fleshy origin, whereas the anterior portion is more membranous. Ilio-trochanterici posterior, anterior et medius.-These muscles are all present in typical form in these birds, except that in Thinocorus, (Edicnemus, and Ilydrophasianus the anterior and medius are nearly fused, showing only a trace of separation at their tendon of insertion to the femur. Ilio-trochantericus externus.-This variable muscle is present in all these birds, but is extremely small in Thinocorus. Ambiens.-This important muscle is present in all the birds on my list, and, in the normal fashion, ends in a tendon which passes through the capsule of the knee-joint and is reinforced (except in Chionis) by a ligament from the head of the fibula, finally forming one of the heads of origin of the muscle complex which gives rise to the perforated flexors of the second, third, and fourth digits. Femori-tibiales seu Crurceus and Vastus.-These muscles are alike in all the birds on my list, corresponding almost exactly with the condition I found in Gruiform birds (7), with the exception that in Thinocorus the femoro-tibialis externus is not developed as a separate slip. Caud-ilio-femoralis (Femora-caudal and accessory F.-c.) (text-fig. 28, p. 166).-The condition of these muscles, to which the researches of Garrod, Forbes, and Beddard have given special importance, differs in (Edicnemus from that found in the others. In (Edicnemus, as in Otis and many Gruiform birds, the portion with a caudal origin (" femoro-caudal " of Garrod) is totally absent; the portion arising from the ilium (" accessory femoro-caudal" of Garrod) is present and has the usual relations, but displays a considerable tendinous area in the middle of its muscular belly- an obvious sign of degeneration, to which I have already called attention (7). The condition in Chionis (text-fig. 28, p. 166) is more generalised. Both muscles are present, the caudal portion (GAUD. IL. F. 2) displaying a fairly large rounded belly, which tapers to the tendon of origin which is inserted to the femur just distad of the insertion of the iliac portion. The iliac portion (CAUD. IL. F. 1) has a fan-shaped origin from the ilium, displaying on its proximal border a well-marked area of tendinous degeneration (X), and is |
