Indigenous Races of the Earth

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458 TilE MONOGENISTS AND "'l'hesc species muRt have been necessarily created cacl1 one in the country in which it was destined to pcr1 etuate Hself; and hence then, we must admit, at the origin, a COilsiderablc number of foci (soucltes). * * * "We think, with Dua~s (Tr·aite de Physiologie), that mankind comprehends a great number of species; but, by what signs these species can be d :fined in an indubitable manner, no one, in the present state [of science], can tell, if he abstains from comparing only the most dissimilar." w7 But, by way of par nthcsis, as explanatory of a passing comment on "Vestiges of Creation," and of a remark by Klemm (supra, pp. 454-5), that inje1·ior· human races seem in antiquity to have pre­ceded the superior, there arc data which hero may find place. 161 Ill,ANOJJARD, Voyage auJ'(;le Sud, corvellc8 I' Astrolabe ella ZeUe, 1887-40,-Anthropo­logic, p11r 1\I. lo Docteur DuMOUTWlt, PariH, 1854, pp. l 0, 45, 4.(). In COI'l'Oborntion of wlmt n. fnr-tmvcllcd Doctor, l\1. DuNOU1-mn, says above, and olso­whoro, in rcgtml to the crontion of n distinct species of mnn for enoh zoologicn.l country; no loss tho.n to fortify tho potlitions sustained by my collnborntor Dn. NOTl' (ante, Cbu.pto1· IV, p. 617), os to the non-ncclimntion of mccs, nnd tho non-co~mopolitism of mnn; I sub­join n.n extract from n work by our mutual friend Dn. BonDrN, which Dr. Nott hu.d mislu.id when his l\18. was sent to the printer: " .E'or n long timo there hna been ascribed to mrtn tho faculty of ndn.pling himself to every clirnr1to, u.nd tho power of establishing his resi<.lonco upon nil points of the globe. Such credence, reposing upon no kind of cxperimontnl bnsis wlullever, could merely consti­tute but a simple hypothesis; ngnin~l. which, now-n.-dnys, fncts, ns nuth ntic as numerous, protc~t. Porbops the pnrtisous of cosmopolitism hnd been in too gront n htll'l'Y to lend to n f1·nction of humanity, represented, by whnt it l1ns been agreed upon to en! I, the • Cn.uca­sinn' moe, thnt which may very well not belong snvo to tho cnsewble of mnnkind ;-p01·hrtps, too, they hnd not sufl:iciently discrimilntlod tho laboring ond ngricultu1·nl mnn, fi·om tho mere tmnsitory excurs10nist." 'l'hua, in order to provo his position, Boudin cites, nmong t other examples,- how, in Egypt, the nustrnl negroes n.re, nnd tho Cnncusinn l\lomlool<s were, uno.blo to rniso up even n third genemtion,-how, in Corsica, French fnmilics vanish boncr1th ltnlinn surnames. Whore nro the descendants of llomnns, or Vnndnls, or 01·ceks, in Africa? In modern Arnbin (1830), nfter Mohnmmed Ali hnd got clen1· of the Moren­wnl ·, 18,000 Arnaoots (Aibnnions) were soon redoced to some 400 men. At Oii.Jmltnr (1817), n. negro regiment wns almost l\nnlhilnted by consumption. In ] 84.1, during throe weeks on tho Niger, 130 Europeans out of 145 cnught Af1·icnn fever, nnd 40 succumbed; whilst, out of 168 negro sr1ilors, only 11 were nffectcd, n.nd none died. Jn1800, tho Uritish Walcher en expedition fnilecl, in tho Nctl1erlonds, through one ldnd of marsh fever; n.bout tho ~nmo period thnt, 1\t St. Dominp;o, 20 French Oenomls, nnd 15,000 rnnk nnd filo, <lictl in two months by n.nothor mnlnl'inl discn.se. Of 30,000 to 82,000 Frenchmen, but some ~~00 S~l'Vi~cd exposure to thnt Antillinn island; while the Dominicnni1.ecl African negro, .rousenmt I Ouv<>rturc, rc-tronaportccl to Europe, wns perishing from tho chill of his prison m Fmnco. (I'atltologie comparee, Pn.l'is, 1840, pp. 1-4). Again, "nlrcndy tho facts acquired by science cstnbliAh in n. manner irrovocn.ble thnt the di~CJ·so l'aces, which constitute the great family of Jnnn,nnily, obey cRpecinl !n.ws, ~mdc1' tho .tr~plo nspect of birth, mortality, nnd pu.lhologicnl nptitud s." Fmnce uses negro soldlOlS nt Guynnn nnd Sonegfll; Enp;hmd employs, like the llomnns of old, the nntivrB of Nlch colon~, to pcr~orm n.rduous military works-confining (ca!lcria pt~ribua) for n.ll hn.rd il1bor, troplofll sold1ers to tho 'l'ropics, and cxt.rn-tropico.lly-bol·n soldiery to servile duty, TilE POLYGENIS'l'S. 450 PART II. GREA'l' and multifarious arc the changes in palroontology, as in other sciences, since Georges Cnvior wrote: "That which a~tounds is, that amongst all these Mammifer·s, of which the g r·oatcr part possess now-a-days their congeners in hot countries, there has not been a single Quacll'umanc; that there has not been gathered a single bone, a single tooth of a Monlcey, wore they but some bones or some teeth of monkeys, of now-lost species." 168 Barely :five years after the decease, in 1832, of this gr·and natu­ralist, fossil Simim turned up, during 1837, in France aud in llind­ostau! In eighteen subsequent years of exploration, many more have boon discovered; enumerated in the subjoined worksl(;9 as genus llapale, 2 species; Gallitltrix primmvus Protopithecus, 2; Gebus, 1; found in South America:- Macacus eocamus, Pithecus antiquus, 2 species, &c.; in England, Franco, or in the Snb-llirnalayan range. Wtwnor had previously indicated tbo existence of other fossil monkeys in Greece; but early in the present yeal', M. Ganclry reports to the Academic des Scioucos, his having oxhumou, at. the "glte fossiliicrc de I ikcrmi," no specimens of Mesopitltecus ma;"or and Mesopitltecus pentelicus ,· mixed up with remains of hyrona, maRtoclon, rhinoceros, hog, hippother.ium, bos-marathonicus, gira:fl:c, and prouably of birds. Geologists cun now determine the relative cpochas of each speci­men, according to tho formations in which the several g nora of such f()ssil monkeys appear; but De Blainville states that, wllilo these of Bra7.il arc more recent, being met with in the diluvium of cavcms,-" those of India anu Europe lie in a medium tertiary fresh-water deposit, and consequently are of an ago long anterior to f'lnly where the cli mn.to 11ccol'ls with thnt of thoir mco n.nd bidh-plnco. At Sien·n. Leone, the modality of negroes, compnrod to that of whites, is 11s SO to 483; i.e. as 1 11gniu~t 10! (l'hysiologie rt Patlwlogi~ compa.rees des Racts hunwines, pp. 1-7). 108 J)iscours mr Irs JUuolutions de la 81lrjace d11 Globe, Pnris, 1830, Gth ed., p. 851. 100 MAI\CEL I> I~ SEmu:s, Essai sur Its Cavernes l/, Osaemmts, Ptlt·is, 8vo, 3t.l ed., 1838; pp.' 22G-7 :-01·: D1~AINVI r,r,1~, Os!Cographie, "MtLmmitCre~-PI'imo.tcs," Pn.ris, 4to, 1841; pp. 49- 66:-D'OltorONY, Diet. lluiv. d'Jiisl. Nat.; l'nris, 1847; X, pp GG0- 70, "Qnttdl·umnnos fossile s :"- Jh:o1<, l co•wg,·apldc Encycloptdia, trn.nsl. Dnird, Now Yo1·k, 1851; II, pp. 4.02- 8 :-0f:ItvAfS) Troi., r~gnts de Ia Nature, Mammiferes, I• pn.1·tie, Pn.ris, 1854; pp. 12-13, 110 Letter to M. Elio de llenumont; Athelwmm l•'Nmfais, 1 .Mn.t·s, 185(); pp. 167.