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Show 294 T1JE CRANIAL CIIARACTERISTICS "No. 7 (Figs. 22 nnd 21!] was obtained from a cist diHcovorcd under o. largo onirn at Nether Urquhart, Fifo~hiro, in 1886. An account of tho opening of several cairns and Fig. 22. Fig. 28. "No. 7. NETllElt UnQuiTAUT CAmN." tumu~i In the same distJ·iot is givbn by LieuteDflnt-Colonel Mill or, in his • Inquiry re~pocting tho S1to of the Dattlo of Mons Grnmpius.' 187 Some of them contained urns and burnt bones oruamonts of jet and sh:tlc, and the like early relics, w.Lilo in others wore found implcmen~ or weapons of iron. It is sclootod hero as another example of tho same clnHs of oranin .... Tho wh~lo of these, more or loss, JJoarly agree with tho llmgthoned ovnl form described by Prof. Ndsson ns tho socoll{l rnoo of tho Scandinavian tumnli. They have mostly a singularly narrow and elongated occiput; and with their comparatively low and nntTOW forobead, might not inaptly bo described by tho familiar term boat-8haped. It is probable that fur~hor investigation wi11 osl:tblish this as tho typo of a primitive, if not of tho primeval nat~vo raoo. ~hough they nppronch in form to a superior typo, falling under tho first or dohcho-~ophaho class of P1·of. Retzius's arrangement, their capnoity is generally small, and thou·. d?vol?pmon!, for tho most part, poor; so that there is nothing in their cranial oharactonstJcs ~n~on~1stont with such evidence as seems to nssign to them tho rude nrts <tnd extremely bm1ted knowledge of the Dritish Stone Period .•.... "Tho skull, of which the measurements are given in No. 10 [Figs. 24 n.nd 26], is the samo hot·c referred to, presented to tho Phrenological Museum by the Itov. Mr. Liddell. It Fig. 24. Fig. 26. "No. 10. OLD STIUJPLE, MoNTROSE.'' is a very striking example of tho DJ'itish brnohy-kophn.lio type; square and compact in form, brond. and short, but well br~lanood, and with a good frontal development. It n doubt pet·tamcd to some primitive chief, or m·oh-priost, sago, it may bo, in council, an~ bravo 10 w~r. The .site of h~s plMe of sepulture has obviously boon chosen for tho same reasonM wlnch led to 1ts select10n at B Inter period for the erection of the belfry and boncou- 187 Aroboool., Vol. IV., pp. 48, 44. 0 F T ll E R A C E S 0 r' M E N . 205 tower of the old burgh. It is the most olcvalod spot in tho ncighborl:ood, and hero his eist had boen laid, and the memorial mound piled over it, which doubtless remained untouched so long as his memory W!IS choriMhed iu the trn.dilions of his people ..... . "Fow as these examples aro, they will p1·obably be found, on further invc~tigntion, to belong to a rnoo entirely di stinct from those previously closc:·ibed. i'hoy correspond very nearly to tho b1·nchy-kcphalio crania of tho supposed primovn.l moo of SeancliMvia, dcsoribcc.l by Prof. Nilsson ns short, with prominent pariohll tubers, anc.l broad anc.l flattened occiput. In frontal development, however, they arc docidcclly snpcl'ior to tho previous class of cmnin, and such evidence as we possess seems to point to a very difforeut succession of races to that which Scandinavian ethnologists now recognize in the primitive history of tho norlh ofEm·ope ..... . "So far as nppoars from tho table of mcnsuroments, tho following laws would seem to be indicated:- In the primitive or elongated clolicho-kcphalic type, for which tho distinctive tillo of kumbo-kcphnlio is hero suggested - tho pnrielt\l diameter is remnrknbly amnll, being frequently oxceoc.lod by tho vertical di!lmetor; in tho second or brachy-kophnlic closs, tho p:wiotnl diameter i~ tho g1·onter of tho two; in tho Collie cnwi:1 they arc ncal'ly eq ual ; nod in tho medieval or true dolicho-kcpbt\lic het\cls, tho pariolal diameter is ngniu found decidedly in excess; whilo tho prepondcmncc or deficiency of the lougitudinal in ils relative proportion to tho other diameters, ful'tlisl:es tho most chnrnotoristic fonturos rofcrrccl to iu tho classification of tho kumbo-kopl:nlic, bmchy-kophalic, Coltio, nne! dolicho-kophnlic typos. Not tho lonst inte:·csting inclic:\tious which theMe results nfford, both to tho ethnologist nn I tho a•·chooologist, aro th' cvidcuces of Jmtivc pl'imitivo mel'S in Scotland priot· to tho intrusion of tho Colloo; and nlso tho probability of these rnces hnviug succeeded oflch othOI' in a different order from tbc pl'imilivo colonists of Scandinavia. Of tho former fact, viz., tho existence of primitive rnces prior to tho Colloo, I think no doubt can bo now entertained. Of tho order of their s uccession, anc.l their oxn.ctshare in tho changes and progresMive development of tho native arts which tho archooologist ilotocts, we still stand in ucod of fur-thor proof ..... . "'l'ho peculiar characteristic of tho primeval Scottish typo appears rather to be a unrrow prolongation of t.ho occipnt in tho region of tbo corobcllum, suggesting tho term alr01~dy applied to them or boat-sliaped, nnd for which tho name of kumbe-kephalaJ may pod:npH bu conveniently employed to di stingnish thorn from tho higher typo with which they arc other-wise apt to bo confounded ..... . "1'ho peculiarity in tho tooth of certain classos of ancient crania above referred to is of very goncrrll application, and bns boon observed ns common even among DJ'itiRh Rttilors. Tho caus<l is obvious, resulting from tho similarity of food in both ca~es. Tho old Driton or U1o Anglo-Roman period, and tho Saxon both of England and tho Scottish Lothians, ha•l lived to a great extent on bnrloy-brend, or1ton onkos, parched peas, or tho like furo, pt·oducing the sr1me results on his tooth as the hard son-biscoit docs on those of tho British sailor. Such, however, is not generally tho case. nnd in no in stance, indeed, to tho snmo extent in the skulls found in tho 011rliOJ· British tumuli. In tho Scottish examples described above, tho tooth arc mostly very perfect, nncl their crowns 110t nt nll worn down ..... . "Tho inferences to bo drn.wn from such a comparison nrc of considcrnblo vnluo in the indications they alford of tho domestic habits and soeinl lifo of a race, tho last survivor of' which bas mouldorod undcrno:;th his green tumulus, perchance for centuries bcfOI'O tho era of our earliest authentic chronicles. As a menus of comparison this chamcteristic appearance of tho teeth mnnifo~tly furnishes one moans of discriminating between nn cnrly nod a still cnrlior, if not primeval period, nncl though not in itself conclusive, it mny be found or considerable volno when taken in councction with tho other anc.l still more obvious peculinrilios of tho crania of tho cnrliost barrows. Wo perceive from it, nt lonst, that a very decided change took ploco in tho common food or tho country, from tho peri od wh~n tbe rmtivo Driton of tho primeval period pur~uod tho chase with tho flint lnnco ami nrrow, nod tho spear of door's horn, to that comparatively recent period when tho Saxon marauders |