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Show 628 'l'l!E 1t!ONOGENIS'l'S AND Prophet's victorious "goum-s" [Arabic for "levies" -literally getnps] to reach athwart the ahara-deserts. It will also show bow invaluable to ethnography arc French translations of long-disregard d cmitic historians, not merely those of the chosen Isra~litisb sto k Besides, the work is litLle known to the" reading pubhc." EuN KnA.J,EDOON (or Khaldun) 380-the most erudite, philosophic, and unfortunate,381 Arabian writer in Barbary during the 4th and 5th century- tells us how, "the Moldtltemeen [wearers of the "litham," muffle?·, for tho double object of keeping oft' sun and dust i u tho desert, and of hiding tho face from enemies -law of the DalcMyl],382 a people of anhadjian [B rber] race, inhabited the sterile region that sLt·ctch s away into the midst of tho sandy desert [Sahara]. From immemorial time-from very many centuries prior to Islamism-thcy had continued to traverse that region whore they found cverythiug that sufficed for their wants. Keeping themselves i bus far removed from the 'Tell' [Arabi co hill, i. e., Mount Atlas], and from the cul tivatcd country, they replaced its productions by the milk and flesh of their camels. Avoiding civilized countries, they had habituated themselves to isolation ; and, brave as ferocious, they had never bent beneath the yoke of foreign dominion." In short, these Sanhadjians arc tho perfect types of old Roma,n Numidians, and modem Touarilcs,- except, in religion, the adoption of l!:!h\m for Africa,nizcd-Punic fetishism-in language, a great many Arabic words of civilization absorbed into their Berber speech- in zoology, the camel for tho horse- in arms, the match-lock for the bow. S,uch, too, wero a cognate tribe, tho Lemtouna. "When tho Lcmtouna had subjugated tho desert-regions, they carried war amidst negro nations, in order to constrain these to hecomc Mussulmans [just as we, now-a-days, through missionaries, arc trying to make Christians of all peoples who are not- in most cases, amongst inferior types of man, only hastening their ultimate obliteration]. A largo portion of the Blacks then embraced Islam; 380 Dis loire des Berb~rcs et des Dynasties .Jfusulmanes de l' Afrique ScptentrioMlc, trnnsln ted fr·om tho Arnbic by the llARON OJl SLANE, for account of 1.ho "Ministbrc do lnOucrro;" vol. I, Algiers, 1847; vel. II, 1861. My oxccrptn. 11re tnlcon chiefly from I, pp. 80-7, 58, 184-6 ;-II, pp. 64-70, 101-li, lOG. 1.'hc history oommcnccs with the Arab conquest of llnrbary in tho 7th century, 11nd onds during tho 14th. 381 Zl':!YD·ADD·En-RAmr!.N EoN KnA'LEDOON wn.s born n.t Tunis in 1882. After grc11tly distinguiKhing himself n.t tho courts of D11rb11resquo pt·incos, ho bccnme Grand Q1\doo (Judge) of Cniro under Rcl-Ditlter-Barqooq in 1884; when tho vossol, in which his family lu1d cmb11rlcod on their wny to him, sunk,-" 'l'hua, one single blow uoprivod mo for over of riches, hnppiMs~, nnd children." Jfo died in 1406. , 1182 L~YAllD, N_ineveli and Bab,!Jlon, 2d Expctl., 1853, p. 817:-Fm:SNEJ, (Arabes avant 1 fslamrsmc, Pnrrs, 1880, p. 3G), shows how it wns only n.t tho nncicnt Arnbinn fnir of Oukilsh, nboli~hod in first century ITc<ljl'll, thul ho~lilc trib(!S could rncct 1111111!1j}led. TilE POLYGENISTS. 529 but the remainder dispensed with it, by paying the capitation-tax [equally satisfactory to the Saracenic missionary, ·who good naturodly permitted those anti-Mohammedan back-::didcrs, or rccusants, to 'compound (always in cash) for sins they were inclined to, uy damning those they had no mind to']." Tclagaguin, their king, was grandsire of Aboo-Bckr-ebu-OmaJ', who commanded the Elmoravidian empire. His successor Tlloutan conquered the Soudan, "marching surrounded by 100,000 dromedaryriders mounted upon Maharie of pure blood.;" and died in llcdjra 222 =A. D. 837. Another historian says that, in the 4th century IIedjra, Oboyd-Allah bad 100,000 camels, and subdued 23 negro kings. 'l'hc Lcmtouna even reached the Senegal. "Wo know," comments De lane, "that this river continued, for a long time, to separate the Berber from the negro race.383 In the year 1446, when the Portuguese were making their first explorations of the wcstcm coast of Afi·ica, the tribes of the Assanhagi [Zanaga, SanltadJa] inhabited the northern bank of the Senegal; and tho Yalof, or Woloj, that is to say, the Blacks, occupied the other. We must observe that 'Scuegal' is an alteration of the [Berber] word Asnaguen, or Zenaguen, plural of Zanag; that is to say, the Sanhaja "-ono of the great branches of the quinquegentani Bel'beri.381 EnN Kn.ALEDOON continuos-" As for those who remained in the desert, nothing has changed their manner of being, and, oven to-day, they remain dividcd:mcl disunited [as thoy continue now, 1000 y an; later]. * * * 'l'hey [Lltc Berber tribes] .torm a species of cordon along the frontier of the land of the Blacks,- a cordon which st.t·ctehes itself parallely to that which the Arabs form upon tho frontier of the two Moghrcbs and of Ifrikia" :385-thns domat·cating in his time, with 888 See RAE'i'loJN}U, ( Voyage3 dans l'Afrique occidwtale, comprmanl I' exploration du Senfgal, &c., 1843-4, Pn,ris, 1840), for the best description of these Senognlio.n no.tious. 11M Otia, "llerber 'l'ribes," p. 140 :-T-ypes, pp. 510-20. 1185 So.ys EnN KnALl;OOON-" Dcoo.uso it must not bo thought tho.t the Aro.b uomndos ho.d inhnbitcd this oountJ·y in ancient times. It was only tow~trds tho middle of tho lith contnry of tho Ucdjm thnt Africn wns Invaded by bands of tho tribes of !Iill~th and tlmt of Solcym,"- 11nd then not further west thnn tho Cyrcnnica. No Arab settlers wore [nsido fr·om tho S11r11con soldiery] in Dnrb11ry pl'ior to this immigr~ttion,-oxcopt in the confuAell Yemonito legends of" TonDA, tm Arabian king, who gnvo his uo.mo to lfrikta; * ·* * -~ And tho roBson wo.s bocnnso the Ucrbcr moo then occupied tho countJ·y, 11nd prevented the other peoples to fix thomsolv~s in it." Now, this Mmo ljrikta, borrowed fr·om tho "Afric~t" of tho L11tins, possessed, liko "fJibyn.," n. more rostrieted geogrnphicnl extension formerly thn.n in modorn days. ln•leed, nmong t.he Ambs cvon now, ljriHa do~s not moan "Africn," but only tho trnct of countr·y from Cnpo Dn.rcn to Tunis, not oven so f11r west ns Algerin. Owing to ignorruroo of this ft1ct, 11nd Frenchmen's poor ~tcqurtintn.nee t.hcn with ArnlJic, tho Gcnornl who concludecl tho •• Tr·onty of 1.'nfnn" with el-lladJ A lli)·F.r,·QAlH:n, committed more rliplomntic miAtnkos. in one line (the cnuso of 1111 tho troubles Frnnco hn.d with this gnllnnt chi flnin till she cnp· 34 |