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Show 28G THE CRANIAL CUARACTERIS1'ICS guinity to be sufficiently well demonstratod,m and cites LEEMrus, GuNNERus, PoRTIIAN, luRE, RAsK, and others as advocates of this opnnon. Opposed to this identity, however, nrc tl10 weJl-markod physical differences observed by nearly all tho travellers who have visited those people. LtNN.iEus, long ago, pointed out, in the concise terms of tho naturalist, tho most prominent of these differences. "Fcnnones corpore toroso, capillis flavis prolixis, oculornm iridibns fuscis. r~apponos corpore parvo, capillis nigris, brevibns, rcctis; oculorum iridibus nigrescentilms." Very ingenious theories have been advanced to reconcile this assumed consanguinity with tho anatomical di:ff:erentiro above indicated. 'l'hus VoN Bucrr ascribes this difference to tho fact, that of the two people, tho Finns alone nse hot baths and warm clothing. Long separation and exposure to different physical influences have also been deemed sufficient to account for the discrepancy. In consideration of tho animated controversy which has been carried on by the learned concerning the relationship of the Lapp and tho :Finlander, it may be well to introduce here the carefully drawn description of an Esthonian skull, originally published in Latin by Dt·. A. liuEcK, of Dorpat.173 Thoro arc reasons for considering tho Finnic typo to be pl· served in its gt· atcst purity among the Esthonians. These people appear to be tho indigenm of Esthonia; at least, "no earlier population seems to have prccccl.ccl them." m "In tho Esthonian race," sn.ys Dr. II., "the skull, though nngular, is not very robust. A ~qnt~ro form is most f~·oquontly obsot·vod, nnd oven when it passes into an oval shnpo, winch 1~ often tho cnso, tt prosouts a woll-dofincd nppcarnuco of angulnrity. A pymmidal or wedge-like figure (forma cuneata) is more rnroly onoounterecl, n.nd it has never happened to mo to observe a round Esthonian skull. "A.t. fit~st sight, the cnlvnria, when compared with tho facinl skeleton, nppears large; ttncl, .'I VIewed from nbovo or behind, squnro: for not only nrc the parietal bosses very I11'0mtnent, but th~ occiput, in the region of tho superior linea somiciroulnris, is strongly nr·chod both postortorly nnd towards tho sides. 1'ho sinciput is a little loss broad than tho occiput; the forohend is plnne, loss gibbous thnn usunl and low. l'ho frontal breadth is only .nppnront, bocnuse tho moro projecting oxtornnl orbitar process, with tho equally pronunont mahw bonos below, is continuous with tho smoother postct·ior pnrt of the scmi~ it·cula~ line of tho ?s frontis. 'rite temporal fossa is cnpacious, though not very doep, and rs tormmntod ttnterJOrly by tho firm posterior mnrgin of tho frontal process of tho mnlar bono, ttnd externally by a sulliciently strong zygomatic m·oh, under which juts out in the posterior side tho articular tuborclo or crest, by which tho zygomatic arch· is continued 11bovo the oxtornnl opening of the oar. Moreover, tho condyloid prooc8sos of tho occipital bono appear to me !urger nnd moro prominent than in the other skulls. On tho other hand, m ltosearchea, iii., 297. 176 Do Orauiis l~ijtonum commentntio anthropologioa qua viro illustrissimo Jonnni Th~o~ loro Jlu~gh, doctoris dignitntem impotrnt11m grntult~tur Orclo. Mod. Univers. Dorpatonsis, 1nierproto Dr. Aloxnndor Uuock, Dorpnti J,ivonorum, 1838, 4to., pp. 7-10. nt Sec Lntham's Native Races of tho Russian Empire, p. 75. OF THE RACES OF 1\fEN. 2~7 the mnstoid proceF!S, in all the (Esthonian) skulls which I hnvc examined, is small and less rough; tho Russian cranin, on tho contrnry, oxccl in long and thick mastoid processes. Not more developed is tho external occipital protuberance; nor in general are tho impres~ ions of the muscles very conspicuous on the occipital bone. "Upon comparing tho baso of the skull, I have found no differences of gron.tcr moment. However, the internal occipital protuberance appears to mo greater than usual; tho crucial lines aro strongly charnctcrizcd, ~nd the transverse furrows deeper. While the oss1~ petrosa. project consido1·ably into tho cranial cavity, tho os occipitalo, where it forms tho inferior occipitnl fossn., is loHs oonvox; hence, from this conformation, tho space occupied by the cerebellum is manifestly nnrrowod. Nothing olso is observnblo, except that the depressions in tho nnterior part of tho cranium present a more nnguhn· form, 1tnd, finnlly, tho jugular fommina nppoar to me larger than in tho skulls of other rncos of men. "Tho facittl part, compared with tho calvaria, is small, bronc!, and low. l'he brendth (of tho faco) is produced, not so much by the development of the malar bones, as in skulls of tho Mongolian vnriety, but mtbcr by a greater prominence of t.ho malnr process of the superior mnxilln. On this account, the inter-malar, compared with the frontal, ditLmclor, appcnrs much gt·ontcr than in Europeans in general. Hence, the external orbital margins nrc flnrecl out more, tho distance between these margins is greater than tho breadth of forehond, and the orbits thomselvos nrc wider. Therefore, the mnl11r process of lho mnxillory bono, being thus rendered moro prominent, tho antrum Ilighmorinuum becomes necessarily more capncious. .For a similar 1·oason, tho sphenoidal sinuses, nlso, arc deeper thnn in Gorman heads. And oven the cells of tho ethmoid arc g•·ontor, 11nd tho papor-liko lnmina, which is ordinarily vertical, is rather arched in the Esthoninns, 11nd projects towards the orbit, blending grndually with tho orbital surface of tho body of tho superior maxilla. l'ho frontal sinuses tHO very lnrge, which, in the oxtornu.l aspect, is indicated by a prominent glabolln and projecting superciliary arches ..... "The mnlar process of tho upper mnxilla is stronger than usual; on tho other hand, the frontnl and alvoola1' processes of the samo bono nt·o shorter; hence, the whole fnce, from the naso-frontal suture to tho alveolnr margin, is shorlonod in lo11gth. This broad tmd longitudinally contt·actod form of the face espoci11lly on· cts tho form of tho orbits, and gives to tho skull of tho Esthonians its most charactcristic type. For, in comparison with their breadth, tho orbits arc low, and transversely oblong or nlmost square in shape. l'his appearance depends upon tho above-mentioned proportions of tho superior maxilla, and is the more noticeable, bocnuso the supt•a-orbital margin descends lower under a very convex supercilia•·y arch, and is less curved in shape, while, opposite to it, the infra-orbital margin also mnkes a vory prominent cdge.l16 . . . . Antero-postoriorly, the orbit is somewhat deeper than in other skulls, and, on account of the contr11cted entrance (liumilem introitum) appears to bo deeper than it really is. "The root of tho nose, above which the glabolln projects consiclornbly, is compressed and flat, and tho nasnl bones, but little nrehed, tcrminnto in a pyriform aperture. Tho frontal process of tho upper mnxillnry bono being shorter, nne! tho nlveolnr process lower·, and, nt tho samo time, tho body of tho upper maxillary bono less brond than usunl, tho space surrounded by tho teeth is nooossarily narrower. l'lte incisor tooth of the upper jaw 11ro seldom pcrpoudicul~r, but inclino obli.quoly forwards, so thnt t!toir nlvoolnr edge, not formed as in other oro.nia, at tho nngle of tho foramen incisivum, merges graclu~lly into tho hard palnte. 'l'ho peculit~r evolution of tho orgt1ns insorvient to mastioatiott, gives rise to cliJferoncos evon in tho skull. For tho whole surface of tho temporal fossa is more cxaclly de-m 'fho prominence of the malar bonos, tl10 narrowness of tho orbits, and tho Aquat·onoss of their mor·gins, wns nlso observed about Dorpu.t, by Is}lNPI.Amr (A natomisclle Uuttrsucliungen. Erlangen, 1822, pp. 254-6). c. s~m)LlTZ nppoars to have b~en the first t~ dcROI"ibo tho form of tho orbits accurately; Ito has nttempted to show that tins form gnve rtso to two nffections, common in this region-trichinsis nnd ontropium. (Dissertatio lnaugumlis da Prcecipuis Oculorum .Aforbis inter Estlionos obviis Dorpati Livonontm, 1 821.) |