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Show 2(l8 TITR CRANIAL CITARACTERISTICS Ruhj ct, and, according to Prof. RETzrus, even tho intestinal paraf'itic worms of the two al'c unlikc. 1 ~ HAMILTON SMITH remarks that tho "Finnic race repudiates in national pride all consanguinity with the Laplander." 130 Dr. Mon.·roN considers tho J..,apps as unquestionnbly Mongolian. LuKE Bumm, the able editor of the London Etlmological Joumal, appears to adopt another view: "'rho E8kimnux, tbo Lttpp, and tho Srtmorclo, aro three entirely distinct beings. They rap1"f8Cilt oaoh other -. Thoy consequently offot· a host of resemblances; but rosombltmcos nn<l rtfliuity arc often entirely distinct mattot·s in zoology, though they nrc conRtnntly confounded, even in cn.sos of tho utmost importance. . . . . Tho Lnpp is entirely European, possc~Riug a quito distinct constitution from tho Eskimanx nnd tho Samoido, ant.! boing very much higher than either in the human scale, though still by far tho lowoRt portion of the Europ an fnmily. Tho So.mo1t.lo is in all rospocts a Mongolidre. Indoed, he has tho loading traits of tho family oven in oxcoss." m A critical examination of three Laplander crania, and two casts contained jn the collection of Dr. Morton, and a comparison of thea~ with a Kalmuck head and a number of Finnic skulls, convince me that the J..,aplander cranium should be regarded as a sub-typical form, occnpyin cr the transitionary place between tho pyramidal t.rpo of the true IIyporboreans on tho one hand, and tho globularheaded and square-faced Mongol on tho other. Just as upon tho shores of Easteen Asia, we behold the Arctic form passing through 1 he Kamtschatkan and tho Son thorn Tungusian into tho Central Asia.tic type, so in the western part of tho great Asio-European <·ontmcnt, we behold a similar transition through the Lapponic into the Tchudic and Scandinavian types-the most northern of the European. _!t is~tri~t~ true that the skulls of tho Eskimo, Laplander, and m. 1'ho following curious paragraph, relating to entozoal ethnology, I find in Prof. OwEN'S u~hmr~b.le Lectures on the Oomparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Invertebrate Animals (~d od1l1~n.' p. 67): "'£ho ~re_nia Soliurn_ is that which is most likely to fall under tho notice ~f tho_ llt1t1~h mod10~l praotthonor. It IS the common species of tnpoworm developed in the 1ntc~tmos of tho natiVe~ of Groat Dritain; and it is nlmost equnlly peculiar to tho Dutch ttnd Germans. ~he Sw1ss n~d ~ussians aro as oxclusivoly infested by tho Bothriocephalus lat~s. In ~~~~ C\ty of Da.ntz1g 1t has been remarked, that only tho Tamia Solium occurs; ~vh1lo. Itt KomgRberg, wh1ch borders upon Russin, tho Bothriocephalus latus prevails. Tho 1nhnbJt~nts of the Fronoh provinces adjoining Switzerland nro occasionally infested with hot~t ktnds of tnpeworm. Tho natives of North A.byssinin arc very snbjcot to tho Tamia Solwm, ns arc. ala~ tho Hottentots of South Africa. Such facts as to tho prevalent species of. tapeworm m d~fl'ercnt parts of tho world, if duly collected by medical trnvollors, would f01m ~body of ev1denco, not only of clminthologioal, but of ethnological interest. In tho Bot~trt~cepl~alus latus of some pnrts of Centml Europe and of Switzerland we may perooivo nn 1_ndlcnlton of tho course of thoso North-Eastern hordos which contributed to tho sub" I'Cl'Aton of tho Roman Empire; and tho 1'amia Solium affords porhrtps analogous ovidonoo of 1~10 stro~m of population from tho sources of tho Nilo southward to tho Capo." Op. Cit., p. 821. 187 Charleston Medical Journal and Roviow, July 1856; pp. 446-7. OF THE RACES OF MEN. 200 Samoicdo arc not idon tical, in the fullest sense of tho word. N i lhet· arc the localities ofth so people. The various p01tions of the so-callcu Arctic realm, of Aa.Assrz, do not accord precisely in geographical and climatic conditions. Arctic Am rica and Asia more closely resemble each other than tb y do Arctic Europe. The same thing is true, of the skulls, and of the organism generally, of their human inhnbitants. .A deeply indented sea-border; direct and positive relations to tho Gulf Stream which divides upon the Norwegian coast into two great current , bathes and tempers tho whole north-western shore~ and supplies an immense body of warm, humid air, which serves to ameliorate tho otherwise extremely harsh and rugged climate; a range oflofty mountains running parallel with the western coast, and acting as great condensers of atmo ·ph eric vapor ;-such are tho physical peculiarities wl1i •h give to T.A.tiland-Europc an organic physiognomy somewhat diHerent from other sections of tho Arctic realm. In this region the tree-limit obtains its highest northern position in lat. 70°-71 oN., and if we trace this line eastward, on a pltyl:!ical chart, we wHl find that, under the in:fiucnco of a contino11tal climate, it recedes towards tb Equator, until in Kamtschatka it reaches the ocean in 58° N.latitud . So that wl1ile in a consid rablc portion of J..,apland we :find a wooded region, in Asia it will be observed that a large part of the country of the amoicdos and Tnnrrus, and the whole of that of tho Koriaks, Yukagirs and Tchuktclti, lie to the north of tho wooded zone. Upon the American c011Linent, which is col<lor under tbe same parallelH than tho Asiatic-in consequcucc ofthc presence of a greater quantity of land in th so high latitudes -tl1e Eskimo live entirely in a tr clcss region. The eli tribution of tl1o brcau-plants in N orthcru America, Em·opo, and Asia, reveals to us similar irregularities. We need not be surpriscu, therefore, if, in harmony with these varying physical and organic conditions, we slwuld Fig. 14. find tho Laplnnd cranium differing more from those of tho Eskimo and Samoicde than these two do from each other. The skull hero figured is reduced from Tab. XLIII. of tho Decades. BLUMENBACII describes it as "large in proportion to the stature of the body; tlw form and appearance altogether such as prevail in the Mongolian variety; the calvaria almost globose; the zygomatic bones projecting outwards; the malar fossa, plano; the forehead bwad; the chin slightly prominent LAPLANDER, |