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Show 4.34 THE MONOG'ENISTS AND Htyl in natural history, ~iving to. eac~ species. two names; one, lilOI'e particularly sub. tanttvo, forrntng lts generw. N~me;. anu t~o 8 cond, adj ctivo, indi ating tho Species, and const1tutm~ Its. spe~ific Name." It becomes in consequence unnecessary, after tlus b1stoncal Hkctch, for us to begin om·lior than the lifetime of the Oottingon philosopher. To Dlumenbach, however, the action of "climate" was an adequate explanatiou of tho "ii.vo varieties" he distinguishes in man: Ho b lieved tbat, "homines nigri subindo albescunt !" also, "et alb1 0 contra nigrescuut !" 76 At a later date, he fortified tbis view in a treatise entitled "Ueber die Nogern insbesondre;" 76 compiled chiefly from English emancipation-sources, and sustaining the polfectibility of n gro races, with specimens of their poetry and literary works, on tho well-known system of tho benevolent Abb6 r6goire. V L'Y similar aro tho opinious of Zimmormann,77 although advocated far more from the naturalist tban the theological point of view. Whilst ho struggles to indicate the nat-row googmphical circumscription of tho range of most mammifors, he attributes to climate, aliment, &c., such wondrous powers, that, according to him, a ltyena, through tra.nsplantation, might, in some generations, become tnmod into a wolf! Next applying these principles to mau, Zimmermann attempts to show how color is changed by climate, heat producing negroes and cold l£squimaux; cites tho old traveller BCI0nmiu, of Tudela, for J ows turning black in Abyl:lsinia; 78 and credits a story related by Cald,mus, how once he saw, at Venice, a Hegro who, brou.ght thoro in childhood, had, in his old ago, become yellowisli/ 79 Thus: "Tho white man can become bla k, and tho 7~ Op. cit. 2d ed., pp. 50, Gil, 72: -3d ed., p. 51 seq. 70 13tu~u,NJlAOU, Beytrage zur Nalurgeschiclite, Gi:ittingcn, 12mo, in two parts, 18013, 1811; pp. 73-ll7. n Specimen Zoologire Geographicre quadrupedum domicilia et migrationee, 4to, Lugduni Datnvorum, 1777; of which I usc the French tmnslation-"Zoologio 06ographiquc, 1• article, L' Domme," Cassel, 8vo, 1784; pp. 4.4, 131, 136, 189-llO. 78 Sec, on tho Fala8ha8, "1'ypos of Mankind," pp. 122-3. Thn.t these people 11re merely Afrion.n aborigines, oonvot·ted to a psoudo-Judo.ism, mo.y now b~ verified through their portraits (Cf. L'il~'~OVlt~, Voyage en Abyaeinie, 1839-48; Atlns fol.-" UlliTI<l, femme Fcln.chll, n.g6c do 4.0 nns"-whoso moo is identical with those of many other non-Jewish nn.tions figured in tho sn.mo oxcollont worl<). Dcsidea, ltoMn has abolished any imagined philologiol\ l connection, in the clause, that tho speech of thcee Fali!sytln "n'a rien do s6mitiquo" (Tliat. de• Langtm S6mitiqtm, pp. 811-2). Compttre, also, ANTOINE n'AnnAmll, Letter to 111. Jomnrd, on the" Falacha, Juifs d'Abyssinic (3 Nov. 1844.): Cc type cxisto chez Jes Agn.w de l'Al~la ot du Stmen, ot ohoz los Sidn.ma. II nous est impossible dolo rn.mencr 11u typo ,htif. L~ l~nguo des Falnclm est Jo. mume quo cello qui vient do s'6toindro dans lo Dombytt." Jlulletin de !a Soc. de Oeographie, Paris, Juillot, 1846; pp. 44, 72. 7U What was believed lnst century on the8o subj ots, even by physicians, may be seen in a. small work I possess-" Tr11it.6 uc la coulcur de lo. pcau humaine on g6n6ra.l, de cello des TilE POLYGENISTS. 436 black on the conteary white, aud this chaugo is a.gain earl'i ,d on through the different degrees of heat and cold"-his conclul:!ion being that "man, possessing himRelf thus little by little of all elimates, becomes, through their inftuenco, hero a Georgian, there a negro, elsewhere an Eskimau !" Next in order shoulU follow Lawrence, conld one readily seize (through tho variations of theory manifest in difforont editions of his work) what aeo tho real stand-poiots of genius so versatile. He has tho Protean faculty of saying one thing and b licving anotltor, interchangeably; and may be q LLoted either on the unity or diverBity ncgrcs en po.rtioulicr, ct de Ia mltamorplio8e d'unc de cos ooulours dnns l'r1utre, soit do rutissance, soit ncciclontellemcnt," by M. L'E CAT, Doctor, &o., Amsterdam, 8vo, 1705. No physiologist, however, disputes that di$ease will, mot·o or less tomporn1·ily, chango tho color of the skin. Thct·c nrc albino negroes ns well n.s white clei hants, raccoons, deer, or mice. On these pointe, by fat· the most poworfuln1·gumont is tho late Dt·. Charles Culdweli'H annihilating review of tin "Ess11Y on tho onuses of tho vrnioty of complexion and flgu1·c in tho hum11n species; by tho Rev. Dr. S. S. Smith, of l'rinooton Coli., N .• J., 1810"-publislred, in four admirable articles, in the Philadelphia" Portfolio," 8vo, 1814; vol. iv., 8d series. Sec particularly, pp. 2G-81, 259- 271, "tho case of Ilonry Moss." Without protendiug to ontor into discussions in which nooo but physiologists arc entitled to respectful n.ttention, lot me refer those dcHirous of enlightenment to the groat work of Dn. PitOSNm LucAS (Traittf pliilo80Jiltique et pliysioloyique de l'MrtfdiM naturelle, P11riA, 1847, 2 vola. 8vo) for every ox11mplo, throughout the rnngc of animate nn.ture, bOilriug upon tho lows of "Inntfill11nd lUrtfdittf in tho procreation of tho vitr1l mocho.nisrn." 1'hc most recent, oo loss than tho most brilliu.nt, Amol'ico.n writot· of tho day on "ITumnn Physiology, statio11l nod dynamical" (New York, 186(}, pp. 505- 1380), seems to mo still to lay too much stress upon tho ar1pposed !\Ction of "climate" on tho coloration of the human skin; and inn.smuch ns D1t. DnAl.'Jm's ovor-soiontifio ln.uguago ltas given rise to pitiful nbsurditios like Utoso put forth in an article 11ppropriatoly entitled "1'he Cooking of Men" (llmpe·r'& .Alayaziue, Oct., 1856), it mt1y be well to oounlorbalo.nco such oxttggcrntions of his high authority by tho following pnragrn.ph of 11 physiologist oorto.inly not less eminent.. Du. 8AML. Gl•lO. 1\fonTON s11ys (llluatrated System of llw11an Anatomy, Special, General, and .Aficrwcopic, Philadclphitt, 184.0, p. 151): "It is a common opinion, that climate alone is cnpo.blc of producing nil those diversities of complexion so remn.rkablo in tho humn.n races. A very few facts may sullicc to ~how th11t such otmnot bo tho case. 'rhus, tho negroes of Van Diomon's Lnnd, who arc among tho bl1tokost people on tho earth, Jive in n climate n.s cold ns that of It·oln.nd; while tho Indo-Chinese nations, who live in tropico.l Asia, are of a brown and olive complexion. It is l'Omarkod, by Humboldt, tho.t tho Amorion,n tribes of tltll equinoctial region have no darker skin than the mountaineers o!' tbo 'l'ompomto Zone. So also tho ruolchcs of the Mn.gollanic plains, beyond tho fifty-fifth degree of south latituclo, nrc 1tbsolutoly drwkor than Abipones, 1'obaa, n.n<l other tribes, who are mttny degrees nonror tho oqu11tor. Agr1in, tbe Cho.rruns, who in!Jabit south of the Rio do ln Pinta, arc almost black, whilst tho Guayons, under tho line, arc 11mong tho f11irest of the American tribes. Finally, not to multiply ox!lmples, those nations of tho Caucasian rnco which havo become inhabitants of the Torl'id Zone, in both ltemiHplrorcs, although their dcsocndn.nts lmvo been for centuries, and in Afrioo. for many centuries, exposed to tho most nctivo influences of climn.tc, have never, in 11 solitary instt~.nco, exhibited tho trn.nsformtttion from tho Caucasian to 11 negro complexion. Tbcy beoomo do.rl<OI', it is truo; but thoro is a point 11t which tho ch11nge is arrested. Climn.tc modifies the human complexion, but is far from being tho cause of it." |