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Show 232 TTIE CRANIAL CTIARACTERISTICS stitncnt bones and these differences arc not accidental and fluctuating, but persi~tont. Thus, the massive, broad, and outward-shelving malar bones of the Polar man are unlike those of any other rae . So, the snperior maxillro of tho Coast African is so unlike that of any oth r people, as to have b como a standard of compari on f<n· infol'i rity-a standard expressed by tho word prognathous. Differences in tho nasal bonos, in tho size o± tho frontal sinuses, in tbo prominence of tho occiput, in tho angle at which tho parietal bones join each other, in the form and arrangement of tho teeth, in tho relation of bead to face, in the r lativo situations of the groat occipital foramen and tho bony meatus, in tho form of the skull, and tho conflgnration of its base; and, as the result of all these, in th physiognomy of the facial bones, exist, as I shall presently end avor to show, and arc perpetuated from one generation to another as constant and unaltered f atures. Cr::w1·ial <llftorentiro, however alight, derive additional importance from Lheit· relation to tho physiognomical character of tho skull as a whole, and daily observation shows this character to be more impoL'tant than is gcHcrally considered. The labors of Porta, Campc1·, Lebrun, Lavator, Bi hat, Moreau do la Sarthe, and others, have given us tho scientific cl m nts of a physiognomy or physiology of the fa,co, as those of J?lumcnbach and Morton have established a physiology of the rani um. Between tho muscular and integumentary iuvestititurc of tho face and head on tho one hand, and tho bony structure of lh 'SO parts on the other, there is a decided adaptation. Whether the soft parts determine tho form of the osseous frame-work, or the laLt r that of the former, docs not so much concern us, at present, as the fact of ada] tation. That tl1is adaptation exists, there can scarcely be a doubt. "Tout dans la nature," beautifully and tl'uthfully writes De ]a Sarthe, "est rapport ct harmonic; chaqne apparcucc extcrnc est lc signc d'une propriet6: chaque point de la supcr:licio d'un corps annonco l'etat de sa profoudcur ct do sa structnre." 76 In virtue of this harmony, we find tho physiognomy of tho skull expressing the true value of its osteologic peculiarities, oven when these are so sJight as to appear in themselves trivial and insignificant. Soommering, not perceiving tho import of this relation, tolls us that he could find no well-marked difi:oronccs bctw':1cn the German, Swiss, French, Swodish and Russian sknlls in his collection, leaving it to be inferred tl1at nono such existed. 76 At a later period, and from the samo 1~ Neuvieme Etude sur Lavatcr. 76 Lam·cnco informs us that his friend, Mr. Goo. Lewis, in n tour through Frnnco and Germany, observed that the lower nnd anterior pnrl of tho crnnium is larger in tho French, the upper and anterior in tho Germans; and that tho upper and posterior rogiou is lo.rgor OF TilE RACES OF M:EN. 233 cause, Cnvier, while conductin1r his palreontological researches, more than once fell into an analogous error. 'From the foregoing remarks, it will be seen that it is a matter of much importance to be able to discriminate between typical or raceforms of crania, and those modifications of shape produced, to a certain extent, by age, sex, development, i11t rmixturc of races, arli· ficial dcfol'mations, &c. Unless these distinctions be ob orvcd ~w<L duo allowance made for th m, it will be utterly impossible to d t L'mino the number and character of the primitive types-an attempt al1·cady almost hop Jcssly beyond our power, in couscqucncc of tho c aselcss migrations and afllliaLions which have been going ou amongst the rae s of men since the remotest antiquity. The modifications of cranial form, f1·om these various causes, arc so ma11y asflociatcd cl mcnts, which must be individually isolated b for we can dctol'minc the tmo value of each. In proportion as this isolation is complete, so w.ill our rcsnlts approximate the truth. It is very well known that the skulls of tho low r animals und ·1·go certain c'hangcs in confo1'mation as th y advauce in age. In a limited degree, this appears to be true of man also; though t]Je cxLcnt of these chan/)' s, and th period at which they arc most noticeablewhether dnl'ing intra-utcri11C life, or subs qucnt to birth-arc points not yet definitively settled. IIowovcr, from the obsc1'vations of Soommoring, Camper, Blumcnbach, Loder and Ludwig, we learn that in very young child1·en, even in infants at tho moment of birth, the ra c-lincarnents arc generally bnt positiv ly expressed. BhtmCJlbach, in his Decades, fignros the head of a Jowcss, aged five y ars, a Btu·at chi ld, one and a half years, and a newly-hom n o'l'O; in each of tb sc the ethnic characters of tho race to which it belongs arc distinctly seen. Tho Mortonian collection furni. hcs a number of cxampl s confirmatory of this intcrcsti11g and remarkable fact. 0 •asionally tho t~mly development of CCL'Lain parts may give rise to apparent modifications, as iwlicatcd in tl10 following pa .. ago from Dt'. Go so's highly iHtcrcsting essay upon the artifwial deformations of the skull. "ll n'est pas m@mo rare, en Europe, de voir lc fro11t paraltrc plus saillant chez un graud nombro d'cnfhnts, en raison du faiblc duvcloppemcnt de la face. Toutciois, jusqu'~\ l'agc de dix a douzo ans, il cxisto en general uno predominance de la region ocoipitalo q11i paralt sc d6voloppcr d'autant plus que l'intclligcncc est plus excrc6e. Co n'est souvcnt que vera cctto 6poquc de la vic que los os in tho former thnn in tho lnttcr. (Op. oit., p. 230. )-Count Oobinonu, in his work nlrcntly alluded to, sponks of a certain enlargement on eo.ch side of tho lower lip, which is fou1 d nmong tho l~nglish and Oornmns. J J' |