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Show in the south arm ( Lin, 1976; Lin and Wang, 1978b) and shorter in the north arm. Earthquakes also have the potential to cause large- scale surges and seiches in the lake. During such surges and seiches, the elevated water may cause repeated, short- term flooding around the lake. The heights of earthquake- induced surges and seiches are unknown, but may well exceed the heights of wind tides and seiches. A 1909 earthquake is reported to have generated a surge that sent water over the railroad causeway and the pier at Saltair. The extent of flood damage in an earthquake afFecting the lake will depend on the level of the lake at the time of the event. Wind- Blown Ice During the cold winter months, freshwater from the major tributaries to the lake flows out and over the heavier saline water of the south arm and also in Bear River Bay. If this water is not mixed, it freezes and can form large sheets of ice. As the winds blow, these sheets of ice are pushed around the lake and can destroy stationary objects within the lake and at its margins. The 1995 Comprehensive Management Plan- Planning Process and Matrix ( the 1995 plan) recommended that all five counties on the lake should establish ordinances requiring that all structures built in and around the lake be designed for additional short- term lake elevations due to wind tides ( and subsequent seiches), earthquake- induced seiches and waves. Wind tides can raise the lake an additional two to four feet. Structures should be built to withstand wind- blown ice in the southern part of the lake. The 1995 plan recommended that site- specific studies be conducted, prior to development of proposed structures in and near the lake, to identify sensitive clays, soils susceptible to liquefaction, areas susceptible to earthquake- induced flooding and shallow ground water. In addition, the plan recommended that advice on geologic hazards and mitigation measures should be provided to applicable county planning, zoning and permitting agencies. UGS suggests that general hazard maps be made available to city and county planning, zoning and permitting agencies to identify where further site- specific studies are needed. Where such maps are not available, studies addressing all these potential hazards should be required for any development between the lake and the 4217- foot contour ( or high elevation if required by the permitting agency). These studies should be reviewed for adequacy by the local government or their consultants ( UGS performs such reviews), and steps must be taken by local government to ensure that recommended mitigation measures are implemented. Sovereign Lands Boundaries Uncertainties and Disputes The meander line, which is the legal boundary between sovereign lands and adjacent lands, was established by a series of surveys over a period of years, and does not follow a topographical contour line around GSL. A number of the original survey markers and monuments have been obliterated, and the exact location of the sovereign/ private boundary is uncertain in many areas. Specific areas of uncertainty and/ or dispute include ( See Map 2 to Appendix B for locations): 117 |
