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Show 122 that a technological change is only one aspect in the development or socio-cultural change of an area. Economic development can be accelerated or retarded by purely factors. Therefore, from a strictly technical point of view an induced change program may be a success while anthropologically and sociologically it may be an absolute failure. 1969 Davis, Arthur K. "Desarrollo de la comunidad: ?ciencia o ideologia?" America Indigena, XXIX No. 1, (January, 1969), pp. 211-227. Article entirely written in Spanish. Erasmus, Charles J. "El sindrome 'encogido' y el desarrollo de la comunidad," America Indigena, XXIX No. 1 (January, 1969), pp. 228- 247. Article is entirely written in Spanish. Bastien, Remy. "La orientacion de los programas de desarrollo rural en America Latina. Una evolucion," Anuario Indigenista, XXIX, (December, 1969), pp. 145-151. English Summary: After recalling the circumstances which since 1940 and the postwar firmly associated anthropology to economic development and to the attempts to integrate marginal groups to national life, this paper examines the typical projects initiated in rural areas. Whether dealing with Indianist Programs or Community development in other countries, the results, in spite of their high cost, were not as predicted nor did they have the desired multiplying effect. If anthropology, in not so few cases, played an essential role in the organization and execution of those projects, where did it fail? The author suggests that, on one hand, the value of the theory of the subcultures was exaggerated at the expenses of another theory: the one on the integrated character of national cultures. The reality of economic interdependence was lost. On the other, action was taken with the hope of achieving in "centrifugal" societies the establishment in the marginal groups of a socio-economic force capable of counterbalancing the sources of power; by the way, the study of such sources was not even initiated in some cases. The "centripetal" of integrative effects were not achieved nor were the planned cultural micro-revolutions produced in the peripheries. In criticizing the very timid, incidental and anecdotic character of many applied anthropology studies and essays on rural development, the conclusions recommend the formulation of a new theoretical focus which will boldly embrace the political and economical character on a national and extra-naticnal level of the rural development problems before turning again to tentative applications. |