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Show 262 GUILT. CHAP. XI. We have now seen that scorn, disdain, contempt, and _ disgust are expressed in many different ways, by movelnents of the features, and by various gestures ; and that these are the same throughout the world. They all consist of actions representing the rejection or exclusion of some real object which we dislike or abhor, Lnt which does not excite in us certain other strong emo- · tions, such as rage or terror ; and through the force of habit and association similar actions are performed, whenever any analogous sensation arises in our minds. Jealousy, Envy, Avarice, Revenge, Suspicion, Deceit, Slyness, Guilt, Vanity, Conceit, .Ambition, Pride, Humility, &e.- It is doubtful whether the greater number of the above complex states of mind are revealed by any fixed expression, sufficiently distinct to be described or delineated. · When Shakspeare speaks of Envy as leanfaced, or black, or pale, and Jealousy as '' the green-eyed " monster;" and when Spenser describes Suspicion as "foul, illjavoured, and grim," they must have felt this difficulty. Nevertheless, the above feelings-at least many of them-can be detected by the eye ; for instance, conceit; but we are often guided in a much greater degree than we suppose by our previous knowledge of the persons or circumstances. My correspondents almost unanimously answer in the affirmative to my query, whether the expression of guilt and deceit can be recognised amongst the various races of man; and I have confidence in their answers, as they generally deny that jealousy can thus be recognised. In the cases in which details are given, the eyes are almost always referred to. The guilty man is said to avoid looking at his accuser, or to give him stolen looks. The eyes are said "to be turned askant," or "to waver from " side to side," or "the eyelids to be lowered and partly PRIDE. 2G3 " ·c tlho ed." This latter r 1uark is made by Mr· · II agenauer WI respect to th Australians, and by Gaika lvith re- ~pcct.to the Kafir . T~e restless movements of the yes appai~ntly follow, a will be explained when we treat of Llus]ung,_from the guilty man not endurino· to meet th gaze. of Ius accuser. I may add, that I hbll.VO observe~ a gtnlty expression, without a shade of fear, in som of Jny own chi~dren at a very early age. In one instan o the expres Ion was unmi takably clear in a child two y ai:s a_nd sev~n nlonths old, and led to the detecti n of his httlc cnme. It was· sllo\vn , as I recor d 1. n my I~otes made at the time, by an unnatural brightness in t 1e e~es, and. by an odd, a:lli ctod manner, inl possiLle to descnbe. Slyness is al ' I believe, exhibited chiefly by movements about the eyes ; for these are less under the con~rol of the will, owing to the force of long-continued habit, than are the movements of the body. Mr. "H erbert Spen. cer remarks' 12 "Wllen the 1.e I.S a d esi. re to "se~ something on one side of the visual field without " being. supposed to see it, the tendency is to check the " cons~Icuous .movement of the head, and to make the requHed adJustment entirely with the eyes . which " are, th~refore, drawn very much to one side 'H " 1 th · ence, w len e eyes are turned to one side w bile the .!'. • '' t t d ' lUCe IS no urne to the same side, we get the natural '' language of what is called slyness." ' Of ~11 the above-named complex emotions, Pride, perhap~, _Is t?e most plainly expressed. A proud man e~hlbits Ius sense of superiority over others by holdin oh~ s head and body erect. He is haughty (haut), o~ high, and ma~es himself appear as large as possible . so that metaphorically he is said to bo swollen or puffed up ~~ ' Principles of Psychology,' 2ncl edit. 1872, p. 552. |