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Show .,. RESSION OF SUFFERING: CHAP. VI. 160 E:X.P . . . . d" At the same time, as I " and temples VISibly dilate . les round the eves are t' the muse J know from observa Ion, . . 1'1 WI·se the case when d ThiS IS 1 {e ' l strongly contracte . d . wards with unusua · 1 uscles act own . 1 the abdomina m t f the intestinal cana . 11. the con ten s o d . f force in expe Ing . f the muscles of the bo -y, l The greatest exertion o b "t I·rlto strono· action in not l'OUIYLl o those of the chest are. h t; within the lungs, does . ressing t e air d h expelhng or comp . f the muscles roun t . e not lead to the contra~tl: ~ons using great fo:ce in eyes. I have ~bserve ·u Je eatedly raising then· suso ·ynlnastic exerCJses, ~s l Pl e and in lifting heavy b d' b theu arms a on ' pended bo Ies y . d b t there was hardly any weights. from t~e g_ro:e' m:scles round the eyes. . trace of contraction In 1 s for the protection As the contra~tion ~\::~s::~:~t~on is indirectly, as of the eyes d~rtng VlO funda!ental element in several we shall hereafter see, a . I was extremely · tant expressions, of our most Imp?r f. . 8. 0 Bell's view could be anxious to ascertain how ar Ird . f Utrecht H well . t d p ofessor Don ers, o ' substantiae . f ~he highest authorities in Europe on known as one 0 1 most kindl v vision and o~ :l::~~~t:~e~!i:~~0;',:it~a:he aid of the undert·a ken · or ec h an1. sms of m oder·n science ' and has nlany Ingenious m 15 He shows that during violent published the results. . 1 . d the retro. exp.u at 1' 011 tlle external' the Intra·ocu ar, an . J t M. Bowman for b avm· g. m· t r· oduced m. e u I am greatly mdebte. h' o 'd I'.n persuad 'm oo tl ·s o-r·eat physiologl;;t to Prof. Donders, and for ll b . IS al 1 {' b' ct I am likewise to undertake the investigation of the ~rese~ su Je ~ith the utmoBt much m. d e bted to Mr· Bowman fo.r th avmg giVen me, . kindness, inform~tion on many. p~l~ ns. the ' N ederlandseh Arehief voor t~ This memou first a~pea:~ 51 1870. It has been translated ~)· Genees en Natuurkunde, ~~tl £· ,, On the Action of the Eyelids l.n Dr. W. D. Moore, muler the 1 e.~ t . effort, in 'Al·chives of Medl· determination of Blood from expna ory ' 20 cine,' editel by Dr. L. S. Beale, 1870, vol. v. p. . CnAP. vr. WEEPING • 101 ocular vessels of the eye are all affected in two ways, namely by the increased pressure of the blood in the arteries, and by the return of the blood in the veins being impeded. It is, therefore, certain that both the arteries and the veins of the eye are 1nore or less distended during violent expiration. The evidRnce in detail may be found in Professor Donders' valuable memoir. We see the effects on ihe veins of the head, in their prominence, and in the purple colour of the face of a man who coughs violently from being half choked. I may mention, on the same authority, that the whole eye ce1'tainly advances a little during each violent expiration~ This is dne to the dilatation of the retro·ocular vessels, and might have been expected from the intimate connection of the eye and brain; the brain b8ing known to rise and fall with each respiration, when a portion of the skull has been removed; and as may be seen along the unclosed sutures of infants' heads. TI1is also, I presume, is the reason that the eyes of a strangled man appear as if they were starting fron1 their sockets. \tVith respect to the protection of the eye durjng violent expiratory efforts by the pressure of the eyelids, Professor Donders concludes from l1is vadons ob orvations that this action certainly limits or entirely removes the dilatation of the ves els.16 At su h times, l1 ------- 16 Prof. Donders remarks (ibid. p. 28), that, ''After injury to the " ey , after operations, and in sume lonns of internal inflammation, we " attach great value to the uniform support of the closed cyolidl:.l, fllHl " we increase this in many instances by tho application of a bandage. ''In both ca es we carefully endeavour to avoid great expiratory pre sure, '' the disadvantage of which is well known." Mr. Bowman inform me that in the exces ive photophobia, accompanying what is call l scrofulon ophthalmia in children, when the light i:; so v ·ry painful that tlUt·ing we ks or month~ it is constantly excluded IJy tho motlt fur ·iblo closuro of the lids, he has often beeu struck on 01 euing tho lU |