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Show 204 EXPRESSION OF JOY: CIIAP. VIII. " amazed laughter," &c. Dr. Duchenne attribute.s the falseness of the expression altogether to the orb1eular muscles of the lower eyelids not being suf£ciently contracted; for he justly lays great stress on their ?ontraction in the expression of joy. No doubt there IS much truth in this view, but not, as it appears to me, the whole truth. The contraction of the lower orbiculars iR always accompanied, as we have seen, by the drawing up of the upper lip. Had the upper lip, in fig. 6, been thuR acted on to a slight extent, its curvature would have heen less rigid, the naso-labial furrow 'vould have been Rlightly different, and the whole expression would, as I believe have been n1ore natural, independently of the mo'r e conspicuous effect from the stronger con-traction of the lower eyelids. The corrugator muscle, n1oreover, in fig. 6, is too much contracted, causing a frown· and this muscle never acts under the influence of joy' except during strongly pronounced or violent laughter. By the drawing backwards and upwards of the corners of the 1nouth, through the contraction of the great zygomatic 1nuscles, and by the raising of the upper lip, the cheeks are drawn upwards. Wrinkles are thus formed under the eyes, and, with old people, at their outer ends; and these are highly characteristic of laughter or smiling. As a gentle smile increases into a strong one, or into a laugh, every one may feel and Ree, if he will attend to his own sensations and look at himself in a mirror, that as the upper lip is drawn np and the lower orbiculars contract, the wrinkles in · the lower eyelids and those beneath the eyes are n1uch strengthened or increased. At the same time, as I have repeatedly observed, the eyebrows are slightly lowered, which shows that the upper as well as the lower orbiculaTs contract at least to some degree, though this passes tAUGHTEU. 205 un11erceivecl, as fnr as our sensations are concerned. If the original photograph of the old man, with his countenance in its usual placid state (fig. 4), be compared with that (fig. 5) in ·which he is naturally srniling, it may be seen that the eyebrows in the latter are a little lowered. I presume that this is owing to the upper orbiculars being impelled, through the force of Ion 0'-associated habit, to act to a certain extent in conce~t with the lower orbiculars, which themselves contract in connection with the drawing up of the upper lip. The tendency in the zygomatic muscles to contract under pleasuraLle emotions is shown by a curious fact, coi~Inunicated. to me by :or. Browne, with respect to patients suffering from general paralysis of the insane.11 '' In tl1is malady there is almost invariably optimism" delusions as to wealth, rank, grandeur-insane joyou M " ness, benevolence, and profusion, while its very earliest " physical symptom is trembling at the corners of the " mouth and at the outer corners of the eyes. This is a '' well-recognized fact. Constant tremulous a()'itatiou " of the inferior palpebral and great zygomatic ~uscle~ " is pathognomic of the earlier stages of general para" lysis. ~l'he countenance has a pleased and benevolent " expression. As the disease advances other muscles " become involved, but until complete fatuity is reached " the prevailing expression is that of feeble benevo~ " lence." As in. laughing and broadly smiling the cheeks and upper hp are much raised, the nose appears to be sh~rtened,. and the skin on the bridge becomes finely wr1~lded. 1n transverse lines, with other oblique longitudJnal bnes on the sides. The upper front teeth are • 1 , 1 ee, nJso, remarks to tho same effect by Dr. J. Cl'ichton Browne ln Journal of Mental .Scionco,' April, 1871, p. 14V. |