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Show 94 MRANR OF EXPRESRTON CrrA P. 1 r. with th .-i1· ends trn.nsv rsely trnncaterl, so that they are open; they are , upport cl on long, thin, c~htstic footstalks. Now, wh n tho tail is rapidly Rhaken, the~e hollow quills strike against each other and produ e, ns I h ar<l in th prc>seuce of Mr. Bartlett, .a peculiar eontinuous sound. vVo can, I think, understand why p rcupin s l1av been provid d, through the modification of their protective spines, with this special soundproducing instrtnn nt. ~rhey are nocturnal animah:, aud if th y scented or heard a prowling beast of prey, it would bB a great advantage to the1n in the dark to give warning to their enemy what they were, and that th y wer furnished with dangerous spines. They would thus escap b ing attacked. They are, as I 1nay add, so fully conscious of the power of their weapons, that when enraged th y will charge backwards with th ir spines rected, yet still inclined backwards. Many birds during their courtship produce <liversjfied sounds by m ans of specially adapted feathers. Storks, wh n excited, make a loud clattering noise with their ·L aks. • ome snakes produce a grating or rattling noiRe. Many insects stridulate by rnbbing together specially modified parts of their hard integuments. This stridulation g nerally serv s as a sexual charn1 or call ; but it is likewise ns d to· express different emotions. 8 Eve1~y one who has attended to bees knows that their hun1ming ehanges when th y are angry ; and this serves as a warning that there i. danger of being stung. I have made these few re1narks because some writers have laid so much stress on the vocal and respiratory organA as having been specially adapted for expression, that it. \va. · advisable to show that sounds otherwise prodncerl serve equally well for the saine purpose. s I have given some details on t4i~ subject in my' Descent of 1\Iau,' vo1. i. pp. 3.12, 384. CIIAP, LV. TN A I 1ALR. Er~ction of the £ler?nal appPn£lages.-ITanl1y ony ,_ pressiv< n1ov .n1 nt i. s g lH'ra l ns th inv< luntmy er ction ~f .th~ hair., :C ath rR and otlH'r 1 nnal al)P .;_ chtg s; f r It Is onun n through ut thn f th gr at v0rtebrai claRse.. 1'h s app ndag R :.u· r •t .}d und r the xcitement of ang r or t rror; n1 r , p ja]]y wh n th H 111 tion · nr mnbin d, or qujcldy su · ' ~1 each oth r. Tho a tion s rv to nutk th anin1al app ar larg r and 111 re frightful t its <'ll mi s or rivals, and iB gen rally accompanied by various volnntary 1nov m nts adapted for the sam purpo , and by the utt ranc of savag s unds. Mr. Bartl tt, who ht;s had such wido experience with anin1als of all kinds, do s not doubt that this is the case; but it i a differ nt q u stion wh th r th power of er ction was prirnm·ay a ·quired for this sp cial purpose. I will first give a c nsiderable body of iacts showing how general this action is wjth n1ammals, bhds and r 'ptiles; retaining whn,t I have to say in r gard to nHlll for a futur chapt r. Mr. ~ iutton, th int lligent ke pc r in tho Zoologi al Gard ns, car fully obs rv d for n1e the Chimpanz e and Orang; an<l he stat that wh n they are suddenly frighten d, as by a thund 1-. t rm, or when th y are made angry, as by b ing t ", ed, th i•· hair becomes er ct. I saw a cbimpanz e who was alarmed at the sight of a black coalheav r, and the hair rose all over his body ; h n1ade littl starts forward as if to attack the 1nan, without any r al intention of doing so, but with the hope, as th kc 1 r r mark d, of fright ning him. 'l,ho Gorilla, wh n nraged, is described by Mr. ] ord 9 as having hiH cr ~t of hair " erect and proje •ting forward, hi no. trill-: "dilat d, and his under lip thrown down; at the same 9 As quot d iu Huxley's 'Evidenr as to l\fn.u's Plac iq n.ture,' JR11:1, p. 52 |