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Show 182 EXPRESSION O:B, GRIEF : CHAP. VH. vertical furrows, separating the exterior and lowered part of the f.:lkin of the forehead from the central and raised part. 'Jlhe union of these vertical furrows with the central and transverse furrows (see figs. 2 and 3) produces a mark on the forehead which has been compared to a horse-shoe; but the furrows more strictly fonn three sides of a quadrangle. They are often conspicuous on the foreheads of adult or nearly adult persons, when their eyebrows are made oblique; but with young children, owing to their skin not easily wrinkling, they are rarely seen, or mere traces of them can be detected. These peculiar furrows are best represented in fig. 3, Plate II., on the forehead of a young lady who has the power in an unusual degree of voluntarily acting on the 1·equisite muscles. As she was absorbed in the attempt, whilst being photographed, her expression was not at all one of grief; I have therefore given the forehead alone. Fig. 1 on the same plate, copied from Dr. ])uchenne's work,4 represents, on a reduced scale, the face, in its natural state, of a young man who was a good actor. In fig. 2 he is shown simulating grief, but the two eyebrows, as before remarked, are not equally acted on. That the expression is true, rna y be inferred from the fact that out of fifteen persons, to who1n the original photograph was shown, without any clue to what was intended being given them, fourteen immediately answered, "despairing sorrow," "suffering endurance," "melancholy," and so forth. The history of fig. 5 is rather curious: I saw the photograph in a shop-window, and took it to Mr. Rejlander for the sake of finding out 4 I am greatly indebted to Dr. Duchenne for permission tu have these two photographs (figs. 1 and 2) reproduced by tho heliotypo process from his work in folio. Many of tho forogoinoo remarks on tho furrowing of tho skin, when the eyebrows are rendered oblique, arc taken from his excellent discussion on this subject. UnAP. VIT. OBLIQUE EYEllRO,VS. 183 by whom it had been made; remarking to him how pathetic the expression was. He answered, "I made it, " and it was likely to be pathetic, for the boy in a few " minutes burst out crying." He then showed me a photograph of the same boy in a placid state, which I have had (fig. 4) reproduced. In fig. 6, a trace of obliquity in the eyebrows 1nay be detected ; but this :figure, as well as fig. 7, is given to show the depression of the corners of the mouth, to which subject I shall presently refer. Few persons, without some practice, can voluntarily act on their grief-muscles; but after repeated trials a considerable nun1ber succeed, whilst others never can. The degree of obliquity in the eyebrows, whether assumed voluntarily or unconsciously, differs much in different persons. vVith some who apparently have unusually strong pyra1nidal muscles, the contraction of the central fascim of the frontal muscle, although it may be energetic, as shown by the quadrangular furrows on the forehead, does not raise the inner ends of the eyebrows, but only prevents their being so much lowered as they otherwise would have been. As far as I have been able to observe, the grief-muscles are brought into action 1nuch more frequently by children and women than by men. They are rarely acted on, at least with grown-up persons, froru bodily pain, but almost exclusiyely from n1ental distress. 1'wo persons who, after some practice, succeeded in acting on their grief-muscles, found by looking at a mirror that when they made their eyebrows oblique, they unintentionally at the same time depressed the corners of their mouths ; and this is often the case when the expression itJ naturally assumed. The power to bring the grief-muscles fre ly into play appears to be hereditary, like almost every other human faculty. A lady belonging to a family fa1nous for |