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Show 74 THE PHINClPLE OF rrrtB DTRJ7:0T CIT\ 1\ I I r. snffPring, ns w ll as fron1 th r 0n1otions: theso wil~ l> LrHt consid red when w treat of the RpeCJa.l exprtjsston :--~ of 1nan and of the lower animalR. \Ve will now turn to the characteristic sytnptoms of l{ao·e. U nd r this l)owerfnl en1otion the action of the h <~'t is 1nnch acc~oleratecl,9 or it n1ay be 1nnch <liNtnrbed. Tho face reddens, or it becotnes purple from the itnpeded r tnrn of the blood, or n1ay tnrn deadly pale. The respiration is labour d, the chest heaves, and the dilated nostrils quiver. The whole body often trembles. 'fhe voice is aff eted. The teeth are clenched or ground together, and the muscular systen1 is cmnn1only stin1ulat d to violent, ahnost frantic action. But the gostnreR of a n1an in this state usually differ fro1n the purposelesR writhings and struggles of one suffering fron1 nn agony of pain; for they represent n1ore or less plainly the art. of strikino- or fighting with an eneu1y. All the0 s signs or rage arc probably 1• n 1a rge part, and so1ne of thon1 appear to be wholly, due to thA clirect action of the excited sensorilun. But aui1nalR of all kinds, and their progenitors before thetn, when attacked or threatened by an enemy, have exerted their utn1ost powers in fighting and in defending then1sel ves. Unless an anin1al docs thus act, or has the intention, or at least the desire, to attack its enen1y, it cannot pro· perly be said to be enraged. An inherited habit of u1nscular exertion will thus have been gained in asso" eiation with rage; and this will directly or indirectly affect various organs, in nearly the Raule 1nanner as does great bodily suffering. The heart no doubt will likewise be affected in a direct 9 I am much intlebtcd. to Mr. A. H. Ganod for having informed me of M. Lorain's work on the pulse, in which a sphygmogram of a woBulll in a rage is given; and this shows much difference in the rate and Qther ch~racterd frmn that of the same woinan i~ her ordinary ~tate. C1r. r. Tlf. Af~ TTON OF 'riTE NETIVOUR RYRTE:\L n1anner ; bu~ it will al:.;;o in all p•·obability b , nf£ ·te<l through habit; and all the mor so fr01n not b .. inp; nnde1: tho c~ntrol of the will. vV know that any greH t exertion wlnch \~e voluntarily make, affects th hc'art, through n1echan1eal and other prin ·iples which u d not hero be considered; and it was shown in the first chapter that nerve-force flows readily through habitually used channels,- through the nerves of voluntary or involuntary moven1ent, and through those of sensation. Thus even a moderate amount of exertion will tend to act on the heart; and on the principle of association, of which so many instances have been o·iven b ' we may feel nearly sure that any sensation or e1notion, as great pain or rage, 'vhich has habitually led to much muscular action, will immediately influence the flow of nerve-iorce to the heart, although there 1nay not he at the time any n1 uscular exertion. The heart, as I have said, will be all the 1nore readily affected through habitual associations, as it is not und< ·r the control of the will. A man when moderately angry, or even when enraged, may con1mancl the 1novements of his body, but he cannot prevent his heart from L ating rapidly. His chest will perhaps give a few h aves, and his nostrils just quiver, for the movements of respiration are only in part voluntary. In like manner those 1nuscles of the face which are 1 ast obedient to the will, will sometin1es alone betray a slio-ht. and passin()' emo- . b 0 tion. The glands again are wholly independent of t~e will, and a man suffering from grief n1a y comn1and Ius features, but cannot always prevent the tears from ?oming into his eyes. A hungry 1nan, if tempting food Is placed before hin1, may not show his hunger by any outward gesture, but he cannot check the seer tion of saliva. Vllder a transl)ort of Joy or of vivid Pleasure, th rei ~ |