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Show 362 CONCLUDING REMARKS CHAP. XIV. to be called human; for very many kinds of monkeys, when pleased, utter a reiterated s?und, ele_arly analogous to our laughter, often accompanied by VIbratory movements of their jaws or lips, with the corners of the 1nouth drawn backwards and upwards, by the wrinkling of the cheeks, and even by the brightening of the eyes. We may likewise infer that fear was expressed fro1n an extremely remote period, in almost the. same manner as it now is by man; namely, by trembling, the erection of the hair, cold perspiration, pallor, widely opened eyes, the relaxation of most of the muscles, ~nd by the whole body cowering downwards or held motionless. Suffering, if great, will from the first have caused screams or groans to be uttered, the body to be eontorted and the teeth to be ground together. But our proge~itors will not have exhibited thos: highly expressive movements of the features wh1ch accompany screaming and crying until their circulatory and respiratory organs, and the muscles surrounding the e~es, had acquired their present structure. The shedd1ng of tears appears to have originated through re~ex action from the spasmodic contraction of the eyehds, together perhaps with the eyeballs b~coming gorged with blood during the act of scream1ng. Therefore "reeping probably came on ra~her late in ~he line of our descent; and this conclusion agrees with the fact that our nearest allies, the anthropomorphous apes, do not weep. But we must here exercise some caution, for as certain monkeys, which are not closely related to man, weep, this habit might have been deve~oped Ion? ago in a sub-branch of the group from whic~ man 1s derived. Our early progenitors, when suffering from grief or anxiety, would not have made their ~yebrows oblique, or have drawn down the corners of their mouth, CHAP. XIV. AND SUMMARY. 363 until they had acquired the habit of endeavouring to restrain their scr ams. The expr s ion, therefore, of grief and anxiety is eminently human. Rage will have been expressed at a very early period by threatening or frantic gestures, by the reddening of the skin, and by glaring eyes, but not by frowning. For the habit of frowning seems to have b en acquired chiefly from the corrugators being the first muscles to contract round the eyes, whenever during infancy pain, anger, or distress is felt, and there con equently is a near approach to screaming; and partly frotn a frown serving as a shade in difficult and intent vision. It seems probable that this shading action would not have become habitual until man had assumed a completely upright position, for monkeys do not frown when exposed to a glaring light. Our early progenitors, when enraged, would probably have exposed their teeth more freely than does man, even when giving full vent to his rage, as with the insane. We may, al o, feel almost certain that they would have protruded their lips, when sulky or disappointed, in a greater degree than is the case with our own children, or even with the children of existing savage races. Our early progenitors, when indignant or moderately angry, .would not have held their heads erect, opened their chests, squared their shoulders, and clenched their fists, until they had acquired the ordinary carriage and upright attitude of man, and had learnt to fight with their fists or clubs. Until this period had arrived the antithetical gesture of sbrugaing the shoulders, as a sign of impotence or of pati nee, would not have been developed. From the same reason astonishment would not then have b en expressed by raising the arms with open hands and extend d fingers. Nor, judging from the actions of monkey, would astonishment have been |