OCR Text |
Show 82 ACTION OF THE NERVOUS RYSTEM: CnAP. 111. of 110 8 rvice. We have eo1u binations of this kind, at least in part, in th frantic g stures of:·uge a~d in the writ~ings, of extr mo pain ; and, p rhaps, Ill the 1ncreased action of the heart and of the r spiratory organs. Even w~en these and oth \r PDlotions or sensations are aroused ~n ?' v ry feebl 111anner, there will still be a tend~ncy to SJD_Jllar actionR, owing to the force of long-associated hab1t; and those actions which are least under voluntary :-on~,rol will generally b longest retained. Our secon_d pnnc1ple of antithesis has likewise occasionally come Into play. Finally, so 1nany xpressive In~vements can b~ e~plained, as I trust will be seen In the course oi thu:; volume throuo·h the thrre principles which have now L en discussecE that we may hope hereafter to see all thus explained, or by elosely analogous principles. ~t iR, however, oft n i1npossible to decide how much wmgltt onaht to be attributed, in each particular case, to one of bour principles, and how n1nch to a~other; a.nd .very 1nany points in the theory of Expression remain 1nex .. plicaLle. l\1EANS OF EXPRES ION IN ANIMAJ4 '. CHAPTER IV. Mll1ANS OF ExrnRSSION IN ANIMATA~. The emiFlHion of Ronmh;- Vocal somuls- Hounds otherwise produced- ErocLion of the dermal appoudagcs, hairs, f('athen:;, &c., nncler the emotions of anger nntl terror- 'J'he drawing back of the eat·s aH a preparation for fighting, and as an expresHion of anger- Erection o[ the ean: and raising tho head, a sign o[ attention. IN this and the following chapter I will describe, but only in sufficient detail to illustrate my subject, the expressive ll10Vements, unuer different stat S of t}u~ mind, of so1ne few well-known ani1nals. But before considering then1 in due succession, it will save 1nuch useless repetition to discuss certain means of expresAion cmnmon to n1ost of them. The mnission o.f Sound.CJ.-With many kinds of aniJnals, man included, the vocal organs . are efficient in the highest degree as a meanR of expression. '~T e have seen, in the last chapter, that when the sensoriun1 is strongly excited, the muscles of the body ar generally thrown into violent action; and as a consequence, loud Ronnds are uttered, how ver silent tho anin1al n1ay generally be, ancl although the sounds may be of no URe. Hares and rabbits for instance, nev 1~, I b li VP, us their vocal organs except in the extrmnity of Ruffering; as, when a wounded hare is killed by the sportsman, or when a young rabbit iR caught by a stoat. Cattle and horses suffer great pain in silence; but when this is excessive, and especially when as. ociated with terror, they utter fearful sounJ . I have (1 ~ |