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Show 10 law I believe to be of the highest importance in throwing light on our subject.n All the authors who have written on Expression, with the exception of Mr. Spencer-the great expounder of the principle of Evolution-appear to have been firtnly convinced that species, man of course included, came into existence in their present condition. Sir C. Bell, being thus convinced, maintains that many of our facial muscles are " purely instrumental in ex" pression;" or are " a special provision" for this sole object.I2 But the silnple fact that the anthropoid apes possess the same facial muscles as we do,13 renders it very improbable that these muscles in our case serve exclusively for expression ; for no one, I presu1ne, would be inclined to admit that monkeys have been endowed with special muscles solely for exhibiting their hideous grimaees. Distinct uses, independently of expression, can indeed be assio-ned with much probability for almost all the facial mu~cles. ~~ Sir C. Bell evidently wished to draw as broad a distinction as possible between man and the lower animals; and he consequently asserts that with "the 11 Si.nce tho publication of the essay just referred to, 1\'Ir. Spencer h~s wntten another, on ''Morals and Moral Sentiments " in tho ' FortM n~ghtly Review,' April 1, 1871, p. 426. He has also 'now published lns :final conclusions in vol. ii. of the second edit. of tlw ' Principles of P sychology,' 1872, p. 539. I may state in order that I may not be accused of treSl)as~ino· on Mr· s ,' a . • J: o . pencer s omam, that I announced m my 'Descent of Man,' that I had then written a part of the present volume: my :first MS · n ot es on the sub J' Oct of express.w n bear tho tbte of the year 1838. · 1 1 : 't:natomy of Expression,' 3rd edit. pp. 98, 121, 131. r_of~ssor Owen expressly states (' Proc. Zoolo(}" Soc' 1830 p 28) that tlus IS the cas - 'th o· • ' • . e WI respect to the Oran (}" and specifies •til the more Important mt 1 h' h 0 ' " v0r th . ISC es w 10 are well known to serTo with mau 1 ' e expressiOn of his fe 1' S . . : of the facial 1 . e I~gs. oe, also, a descriptiOn of several and 1\fa<Yazinmu~c ;s tm tfeH9himpanzee, by Prof. Macalister, in 'Annals o eo a um Istory,' vol. vii. Mn.y, 1871, p. 342. INTRODUC'fiON. 11 "lower creatures there is no expression but what may H be referred, more or less plainly, to their acts of '' volition or necessary instincts." He further m.aintains that their faces ''seem chiefly capable of expressing "rage and fear." 14 But man himself cannot express love and humility by external signs, so plainly as does a dog, when with drooping ears, hanging lips, flexuous body, and wagging tail, he meets his beloved 1naster. Nor can these movements in the dog be explained by acts of volition or necessary jnstincts, any more' than the beaming eyes and smiling cheeks of a man when he meets an old friend. If Sir 0. Bell had been questioned about the expression of affection in the dog, he would no doubt have answered that this aniinal had been created with special instincts, adapting him for association with man, and that all further enquiry on the subject was superfluous. . Although Gratiolet emphatically denies Is that any tnuscle has been developed solely for the sake of expression, he seems never to have reflected on the principle of evolution. He apparently looks at each species as a separate creation. So it is with the other writers on Expression. For instance, Dr. Duchenne, after speaking of the movements of the li1nbs, refers to those which give expression to the face, and remarks: 16 "Le createur n'a done pas eu a se " preoccuper ici des besoins de la mecanique; il a " pu, selon sa sag esse, ou - que I' on me pardonne '' cette maniere de parler-par une divine fa.utaisie, '' mettre en action tel ou tel n1uscle, un seul ou plu" sieurs muscles a la fois, lorsqu'il a voulu que les "signes caracteristiques des passions, memo les plus u 'Anatomy of Expression,' pp. 121, 138. 15 'De la Physionomie,' pp. 12, 73. 16 'Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,' Svo edit. p. 31. |