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Show 22 INTRODUCTION. regard to the negro slaves in America; but as. they have long associated with white men, such observations would have possessed little value. In the southern parts of the continent Mrs. Barber observed the Kafirs and Fingoes, and sent me many distinct answei:s. Mr. J.P. Mansel vV eale also made some observations on the natives, and procured for me a curious document, namely, the opinion, written in English, of Christian Gaika, brother of the Chief Sandilli, on the expressions of his fellow-countrymen. In the northern regions of Africa Captain Speedy, who long resided with the Abyssinians, answered my queries partly from memory and .partly from observations made on the son of King Theodore, who was then under his charge. Professor and Mrs. Asa Gray attended to some points in the expressions of the natives, as observed by thein whilst ascending the Nile. On the great American continent Mr. Bridges, a catechist 1·esiding with the Fuegians, answered some few questions about their expression, addressed to him many years ago. In the northern half of the continent Dr. Rothrock attended to the expressions of the wild Atnah and Espy ox tribes on the N asse River, in North-Western America. Mr. vVashington Matthews, Assistant-Surgeon in the United States Army, also ob· served with special care (after having seen my queries, as printed in the ' Smithsonian Report ') some of the wildest tribes in the Western parts of the United States, namely, the Tetons, Grosventres, Mandans, and Assina· haines; and his answers have proved of the highest value. Lastly, besides these special sources of information, I have collected some few facts incidentally given in books of travels. -- -~- ------ INTRODUCTION 23 As I shall often have to refer, more especially in the latter part of this volume, to the muscles of the human face, I have had a diagram (fig. I) copied and reduced from Sir C. Bell's work, and two others, with more accurate details (figs. 2 and 3), from Henle's well-known 'Handbuch der systematiRchen Anatomie des Menschen.' The samo letters refer to the same muscles in all three figures, but the names are given of only the more important ones· to which I shall have to allude. The facial muscles blend 1nuch together, and, as I am informed, hardly appear on a dissected face so distinct as they are here represented. Some writers consider that these muscles consist of nineteen pairs, with one unpaired; 20 but others make the number much larger, amounting even to fifty-five, according to Moreau. They are, as is admitted by everyone who has written on the subject, very variable in structure; and Morea~ remarks that they are hardly alike in half-a-dozen subjects.21 They are also variable in function. Thus the power of uncovering the canine tooth on one side differs much in different persons. The power of raising the wings of the nostrils is also, according to Dr. Piderit,22 variabl in a remarkable degree; and other such cases could be given. Finally, I must have the pleasure of expressing my obligations to Mr. l~ejlander for the trouble which he has taken in photographing for me various express.ions and gestures. I am also indebted to Herr Kindermann, of Hamburg, for the loan of some excellent negatives of crying infants; and to Dr. Wallich for a charming one 20 Mr. Pm·tridge in Todd's ' Cyclopredia of Anatomy and Physiology,' vol. ii. p. 227. 21 'La Physionomie,' par G. Lavater, tom. iv. 1820, p. 274. On the number of the facial muscles, see vol. iv. pp. 209-2Il. :!1 'Mimil~ und Physiognomik,' 1867, s. 91. |
