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Show 1() IN'J1RODUCTION. bt, (3.) Wl1cn a man is indignant or defiant does he ftown , hold his /' body and head erect, squa1·c his shou~ders and cl?nch his fists? , (4.) When considering deeply on any subJe~t, or trymg . to undcl'- stand any puzzle, docs he frown, or wrmkle the slnu benr.nth tl.Jo lower eyelids ? (5.) When in low spirits, are the corners of th~ mouth depressed, and the inner corner of the eyebrows raised by that muscle which the French· can the'' Grief muscle "? 'rhe eyebrow in this state becomes slightly oblique, with a little swelling at the inner end; and the forehead is transversely wrinkled in the middle part, but not across the whole breadth, as when the eyebrows are raised in surprise. (G.) When in good spirits do the eyes sparkle, with the skin a little 1 wrinkled. round and under them, and with the mouth a little dmwn back at the col'ners? (7.) When a man sneers or snarls at another, is the corner of the upper lip over the canine or eye tooth raised on the side facing tho man whom he addresses ? (8.) Can a dogged or obstinate expression be l'Ccognized, which is chiefly shown by the mouth being firmly closed., a lowering brow and u. slight frown? t ) (D.) Is contempt expressed by a slight protrusion of tho lips and by turning up the nose, with a slight expiration? (10.) Is disgust shown by the lower lip being turned down, the tlppcr 1 lip slightly raised, with a sudden expiration, something like incipient vomiting, or like something spit out of the mouth? (11.) Is extreme fear expressed in the same general manner as with Europeans ? (12.) Is laughter ever carried to such an extreme as to brinO' tears • 0 mto the eyes ? (13.) When a man wishes to show 1hat he cannot prevent something 9 being done, or cannot himself do something, does he shrug his shoulders, turn inwards his elbows, extend outwards his hands . and open the palms ; with the eyebrows raised ? 'YL' 1 (14.) Do the children when sulky, pout or greatly protrude the lips? (15.) Can guilty, or sly, or jealous expressions be recognized? t hough I know not how these can be defined. (16.) Is the head nodded verticall.y in affirmation ' uud shaken ln.· tcrally in negation ? Obsorv.ations on natives who have lJad little communication with Europea.ns would be of course the most valuable, though those mode on uny natives would be of much interest to me. General remarks on expression are of cornp~ratively little value; and memory is so dereptivo that I earnestly beg It may not be husted. A definite description of the countenance under any emotion or frame of mind with a statement of the circumsi.nnces under which it cccnrre<l, would p~sscss mnch vfdur. lN'l'HODUU'l'lON. 17 'ro theBe querje~ I have received thirty-~ix au~we rs from different observers, several of them missionarie~ or protectors of the aborigines, to all of whom I am deeply indebted for the great trouble which they have taken, and for the valuable aid thus received. I will specify their names, &c., towards the close of thi~ chapter, so as not to interrupt my present re1narks. The answers relate to several of the most distinct and savage races of man. In many instances, the circumstances have been recorded under which each expression was observed, and the expression itself described. In such cases, n1uch confidence may be placed in the answers. When the answers have been simply yes or no, I have always received them with caution. It follows, from the information thus acquired, that the same state of mind is expressed throughout the world with remarkable uniformity; and this fact is in itself interesting, as evidence of the close similarity in bodily structure and mental disposition of all the races of mankind. Sixthly, and lastly, I have attended, as closely as I could, to the expression of the several passions in some of the commoner animals ; and this I believe to be of paramount importance, not of course for deciding how far in man certain expressions are characteristic of certain states of mind, but as affording the safest basis for generalisation on the causes, or origin, of the various movements of Expression. In observing animals, we are not so likely to be biassed by our imagination; and we may feel safe that their expressions are not conventional. Fro1n the reasons above assigned, nainely, the fleeting nature of some expressions (the changes in the features being often extremely slight) ; our sympathy being easily aroused when we behold any strong emotion, c |