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Show 290 FEAU. CHAP. xrr. from what is sudden and dangerous; 15 and that of terrol' from the tr mbling of the vocal organs and body. I use the word 'terror' for extrerne fear ; but so1ne writers think it ought to be confined to cases in which the i1nagination is more particulnrly c~ncerned. !ear is often pr ceded by astonishment, an~ IS so far alon. to it, that both lead to the senses of s1ght and heanng being instantly aroused. In both cases the eyes . and mouth are widely opened, and the eyebrows ra1sed. The frightened man at first stands like a s~at~e ~otion1ess and breathless, or crouches down as 1f Instinc-tively to tscape observatjon. The heart beat~ quickly and violPntly, so that it pal-pitates or knocks against the ribs; but it is very doubtful whether it then works more efficiently than usual) so as to send a greater supply of blood to all parts of the body; for the skin instantly becomes pale, as during incipient faintness. This paleness of the surfaee, however, is probably in large part, or exclusively, due ~o the vaso-motor centre being affected in such a manner as to cause the contraction of the small arteries of the skjn, That the skin is much affected under the sense of great fear, we see in the marvellous and inexplicable manner in which perspiration immediately exudes from it. This exudation is all the more remarkable, as the surface is then cold, and hence the term a cold sweat; whereas, the sudorific glands are properly excited into action when the surface is heated. The hairs also on the skin stand erect; and the superficial muscles shiver. In connection with the disturbed action of the heart, the breathing is hurried. The salivary glands act iru-u H. 'Vedgwood, Diet. of E~nglish Etymology, vol. ii. 1862, P· ~5. See, also, Gratiolet (' De la Physionomie,' p. 135) on the source;; of t:~uch wol'd::~ us ' terror, horrol', rigid us, frigid us,' &c. CnAP. xn. FEAR. 291 perfectly; the n1 uth beco~es clry/6 and i often opened and l~ut. I have al o n t1c d that und r lio-ht £ ar th re 1 a strong t ndency to yawn. On of th b tIn. arked symptotns i th trembling of all the mu c1e. o~ the b~d y ; and thi' i oft 'n fi r~t s en in the lip . i rom ~his cau~ , ancl from th dt·yHes of the mouth, the vo1 e. b com hu ky r indi, tinct, or may alto-g th r fml. " Ob ·tupui, tet runtqne com et vox " fnucibus hre it." ' ?£ .vag_u t ~:"Lr th re is a w 11-known and gran 1 de:, cri~tion In J b :-"In thoughts fr01n th vi ions f the " night, when d p le P. falleth on men, fear cam upon ,, me, and ti:e~nultng, wh1ch made all my bon 8 to shake. " Then a sp1nt pa ·sed before my face; the hn.ir f my fle .. h to d up. It sto d still, but I could not di c rn :: the fo_rm th r of: an jmage was before my ye , th ro " was sbllence, a~d I heard a voice, saying, Shali mortal man e more JUSt than God? hall a man be more "pure tha_n his Mal~er ?" (Job iv. 13.) As fear 1ncr~ases 1nto ~n ago~ty of terror, we behold, a under all VI.olent emotions, chversifieu results. 1'he heart beats w~ldly, or may fail to act and faintness .n ue; tl:ere 1s . a death-like pa~lor; the br a thing is ~abour ? , the '~1ngs of the nostnls are widely dilated ; "t~e1·c l~ a gasptng and convulsive motion of the lips, a t1 01nor on the hollow cheek, a gulpina and catchino· of " the th I·o a t ; " 11 the uncovered and b protruding oy e-alls are fixed on the object oft rror; or they may roll 111 l\fr. Bain ('The Emotions and the "\Vill' 1 65 p 54) 1 · • the> following manner the origin of tho custoJ~ ,, ot· "l,Ib: ct· exp ~t~s lin ,, · I d' "' .J mg cnmma s 111 n ta to the ordeal of the morsel of ric(' The aecu d · 1 t " t 1 tl f 1 f . · ' IS ruat o o " u co a. mou. 1 u. o nee, und aft r a little time to throw it out. If " ~h? mora ~IS qmto dr!, the party is b li ·v d to bo guilty,-his own <:1~ 11 ?on. <'IOn op~~·atmg t~> paraly::;e tlte salivnting organ~." ' IT c. n 11, 1 rnnsactlons of Uoynl Phil. oc. 1, 2~. 3 Anntomy of Exprcssiou,' p. 8 and pp. HH-IU9. p. ' 08 · {; 2 |