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Show 2G INTUODUC'riON. life the expressions of various ani~als. A di~tinguished artist, Mr.l{iviere, has had the kindness to give me two clrawino·s of doO's-one in a hostile and the other in a humbl: and car~ssing frame of mind. Mr .. A. May has also given me two similar sketches of dogs. Mr. Cooper has taken 1nuch care in cutting the blocks. Some of the photographs and drawings, namely, those by Mr. May, and those by Mr. Wolf of the CynopithecuH, were first reproduced by Mr. Cooper on wood by means . of photography, and then engraved: by this means almost complete fidelity is ensured. ( 27 ) CHAPTER I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION. The three chief principles stated- 'rhe first principle- Serviceable actions become habitual in association with certain states of the mind, and arc performed whether or not of service in each pm·· ticular case- The force of habit- Inheritance- Associate( I habitual movements in man- Reflex actions- Passage of habits into reflex actions- Associated habitual movements in the ]ower animals- Concluding remarks. I WILL begin by giving the three Principles, which appear to me to account for most of the expressions and gestures involuntarily used by man and the lower animals, under the influence of various emotions and sensations.1 I arrived, however, at these three Prin· ciples only at ,the close of my observations. They will be discussed in the present and two following chapters in a general 1nanner. Facts observed both with man and the lower animals will here be made use of; but the latter facts are preferable, as less likely to deceive us. In the fourth and fifth chapters, I will describe the special expressions of some of the lower animals; and in the succeeding chapters those of man. Everyone will thus be able to judge for himself, how far my three principles throw light on the theory of the subject. It appears to me that so many ex1 rossions are thus explained in a fairly satisfactory manner, 1 Mr. Herbert Spencer (' Essays,' Second Series, 18G3, p. 138) J1ns drawn n clear distinction between emotions and sonsntions, the Jnttor hoing ''generated in our corporeal framework" He classes ns Feelings hoth emotions and sensations. |
