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Show 134 SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS : cuAr. v~ drawing back the corners of its mouth, without producing any sound. Rengger calls this movement laughter, but it would be more appropriately called a smile. The form of the mouth is different when either pain or terror is expressed, and high shrieks are uttered. Another species of Oebus in the Zoological Gardens ( 0. hypoleucus), when pleased, makes a reiterated shrill note, and likewise draws back the corners of its mouth, apparently through the contraction of the sa1ne muscles as with us. So does the Barbary ape (Inuus ecaudatus) to an extraordinary degree; and I observed in this monkey that the skin of the lower eyelids then became much wrinkled. At the same time it rapidly moved its lower jaw or lips in a spasmodic manner, the teeth being exposed; but the noise produced was hardly more distinct than that which we sometimes call silent laughter. Two of the keepers affirmed that this slight sound was the animal's laughter, and when I expressed some doubt on this head (being at the time quite inexperienced), they made it attack or rather threaten a hated Entellus monkey, living in the same compartment. Instantly the whole expression of the face of the Inuus changed; the mouth was opened much more widely, the canine teeth were n1ore fully exposed, and a hoarse barking noise was uttered. The Anubis baboon (Cynocephalus anubis) was first insulted and put into a furious rage, as was easily done, by his keeper, who then made friends with him and shook hands. As the reconciliation was effected the babo0n rapidly moved up and down his jaws and lips, and looked pleased. When we laugh heartily, a similar movement, or quiver, may be observed more or less distinctly in our jaws; but with man the muscles of tho chest are more particularly acted on, whilst with CHAP. v. MONKEYS. 135 this baboon, and with some other monkeys, it is the muscles of the jaws and lips,. which ar spasmodically affected. I have ahead y had occa ion to remark on the curious manner in which two or three species of JVIacacus and the Oynopithecus niger draw back their ears and utter a slight jabbering noise, when they are pleased by being caressed. vVith the Cynopithecus (fig. 17), the corners of the mouth are at the same time drawn backwards and upwards, so that the teeth are exposed. Henco this expression would never be recognised by a stranger as one of pleasure. The crest of long hairs on the forehead is depressed, and apparently the whole skin of the head drawn backwards. The eyebrows are thuR raised a little, and the eyes assume a staring appear ... ance. The lower eyelids also become slightly wrinkled; but this wrinkling is not conspicuous, owing to th permanent transverse furrows on the face. Painf~tl emotions and sensations.-With monkeys the expression of slight pain, or of any painful emotion, snch as grief, vexation, jealousy, &c., is not easily distinguished from that of moderate anger; and these states of mind readily and quickly pass into each other. Grief, however, with some species is certainly exhibited by weeping. A woman, who sold a monkey to the Zoological Society, believed to have come from Borneo (Macacus maurus or M. inornatus of Gray), said that it often cried ; and 1\Ir. Bartlett, as well as the keeper Mr. Sutton, have repeatedly seen it, when grieved, or even when much pitied, weeping so copiously that tho tears rolled down its cheeks. There is, however, something strange about this case, for two specimens subs - quently kept in the Gardens, and believed to be the same species, have never been seen to weep, though they were carefully observed by the kee or and myself |